I Don’t Even Know

Rebekah Newby March 28, 2013 Psychology Mr. Zeglin Road to Perdition Throughout Road to Perdition, Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development is evident mostly through the Post-Conventional stage in the abstract moral reasoning and quest for fairness by the main characters. Throughout the movie it follows an orphan named Mike Sullivan who’s raised by a crime boss by the name of Jeff Rooney. Mike Sullivan then becomes a hit man for Jeff Rooney. One night while on the job Sullivan’s own son Mike Sullivan Jr. witnesses him doing his job by killing someone.Sullivan makes his son promise to keep what he saw a secret. He then swears that his son will keep the secret and not tell anyone but Rooney’s biological son Connor is not satisfied with this. Connor then goes and kills Sullivan’s wife and younger child. This causes Sullivan to have to make some difficult choices while fleeing Chicago with his son Mike Jr. Right in the beginning of the movie we witness Ko hlberg’s Theory of Moral Development through the fact that Sullivan becomes involved in crime like Rooney.This shows the Conventional stage of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development because the Conventional stage states that in this stage one is more concerned with behaving in their own social roles expected of them by society. Society expects Sullivan to become involved in crime just like Rooney did because Sullivan didn’t really have parental figures and Rooney was his only real parental figure in life. Depending on the way that one looks at it some may argue that this could also be the Post-Conventional stage.The Post-Conventional stage states that in this stage one will go through what they have to go through to get fairness. One could argue that becoming a hit man to protect Rooney could be Post Conventional because Sullivan may feel as though it is fair to do this since Rooney raised him like a son. We can also see the Post-Conventional Stage of Kohlbergâ €™s Theory of Moral Development through the series of bank robberies done by Sullivan and his son.After the killing of his family Sullivan requests help from Al Capone in order to get revenge on Connor. Sullivan is declined by Al Capone and goes on a spree of bank robberies in order to get Capone to release information on Conner’s whereabouts. This is an example of the Post-Conventional stage Kohlberg’s theory because Sullivan is able to think abstractly and is able follow his own moral codes. Sullivan is able to go outside of cultural morals and norms and make his own morals based on the situation at hand.Unlike the conventional stage Sullivan is able to think in the Post Conventional stage and get revenge on those who harmed his family. The Post-Conventional stage of Moral Development is also seen closer to the ending after Maguire shoots Sullivan and Mike Jr. grabs the gun and nearly shoots Maguire. This stage of moral development is post conventional because Mi ke Jr. ’s motivation to kill Maguire is concerned with his quest for fairness and his own moral codes of killing one who kills your family.Some could also argue that this scene shows the Conventional stage where people do what society expects them to do. This shows the Conventional stage because Mike Jr. ’s father was a hit man and had the same moral philosophies. So, as a result of having a father like Sullivan society will automatically expect him to be violent and on a path to crime like other men in his family. However, in the end Mike Jr. goes against this and he exemplifies the Post-Conventional stage by not becoming involved in crime like his father.He shows his ability to think outside of the social norms and social expectations by doing something other than crime like his father and grandfather had done. To summarize, throughout The Road to Perdition, Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development we can see Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development in many ways. We mainly see the theory through the Post Conventional and Conventional stages. We are able to see these stages through the quests for fairness by Sullivan and Mike Jr. We are also able to see it through the abstract moral thinking done by Sullivan throughout the film.

Ge Case Study

Date: April 27, 2009 Course 5130: Strategic Thinking Session 3 Assignment: GE Case Study The culture at General Electric, before Jack Welch assumed his role as CEO in 1981, was highly decentralized, where significant emphasis on strategic planning was levied on 43 Strategic Business Units. However, Jack’s vision of changing the culture of the company was a priority to him. As a result, Jack began the culture change by replacing 12 of his 14 business heads. He replaced them with new managers who had a strong commitment to the new management values, with a willingness to break from the old culture, and had the ability to take charge and bring about change. Welch wanted to reflect a management style of openness, candor, and one of facing reality. In addition to the culture change, he wanted the culture to be characterized by speed, simplicity, and self-confidence. Instead of continuing with the old style bureaucracy characterized by large corporation, Welch wanted to create a culture of small companies where everyone had a voice and felt engaged in their business. One of the initiatives Welch implemented in the late 80’s, which was instrumental to changing the culture at GE, was called â€Å"Work-Out†. This process was designed to get unnecessary bureaucratic work out of the system while creating a forum in which management and employees could work out new ways of dealing with each other, and cut out the bureaucracy. This open style forum would bring 40 to 100 employees together to share their views about their business and how it might be improved. The â€Å"work-out† consisted of three-day sessions where employees would get the opportunity to lists all of their problems, debate solutions to these problems, and prepare presentations. On the 3rd day of the session, the employees would make their recommendations and the process would require the bosses to make decisions on the spot in front of every employee and their peers. Welch also focused of realigning skills sets and changing the mindset of his employees with GE’s new strategy and organizational imperatives. Because of this new demanding environment, some employees felt overworked and there was some residual distrust from the layoffs that took place during the 80’s; hence, he recognize this challenge and felt the need to redefining his commitment to his employees. As a result, a new psychological contract developed which gave a sense to the employees at GE that their jobs were the best jobs in the world. They had the best training and development resources, and they provided an environment committed to providing opportunities for personal and professional growth. Another initiative Welch took on, as a way to shock the culture at GE, was by introducing the notion of â€Å"stretch† to set performance targets. In addition to setting their basic targets, managers were asked to set stretch goals for their businesses as a way to reach for a higher mark knowing that they would be rewarded handsomely if they hit these goals. Within a year of introducing stretch goals into the organization, GE was reporting significant progress in areas such as inventory turns and operating margins. Finally, one of the last cultural changes Welch was able to integrate at GE was having a boundaryless company. This vision is characterized by an â€Å"open, anti-parochial environment, friendly toward the sharing and seeking of new ideas, regardless of its origin. He envisioned removing all barriers amongst disciplines and operations, and one that removed labels in titles and hierarchy chain. Equally important to having a boundaryless company was changing the internal mindset of selling products to helping their customer to win. In order to make all of these cultural changes, Jack Welch needed to make human resource changes which will allow him to execute on his vision to be the best company in the world. He introduced the 360degree feedback process where employees were graded by his or her manager, peers, and all subordinates on a 1 to 5 scale in areas such as team building, quality focus, and vision. Management went through rigorous appraisals, development, and succession planning reviews named Session C’s. Welch also wanted to make certain that they maintained their best employees. He asked top executives to identify future leaders, outline planned training and development plans, and detailed succession plans on all key jobs. He didn’t like the reward system of insignificant salary increases year after year. Instead, stock options became the primary component of management’s compensation. In their Crotonville facility, priority became to develop a generation of future leaders aligned with GE’s new vision and cultural norms. The place evolved from a training center to a place where teams of managers worked together on real priority issues and decided on results-oriented action. One of Welch’s concerns regarding some of his managers was their unwillingness to embrace the open and participative values he espoused. As a result, he categorized his leaders into 4 different types: ? First type delivers on commitments and shares the values of the organization. This type of leader certainly had a great future at GE. ? Second type was the complete opposite to the previous type. This type of leader did not deliver on commitments nor did he or she share the values of the organization. This individual did not last long at GE. ? Third type of leader misses his or her commitments but shared the company’s values. This individual would be given a second opportunity, most likely in a different environment. The fourth type of leader was one whom Welch, and most top managers, had more difficulty dealing with. This is the type of leader who delivers on his commitments, but does not share the values of the organization. These types of managers are typically characterized by being autocratic, and who forces performance out of their employees as opposed to inspiring his people. These types of leaders were e xposed during the 360 degree feedback process, and were subsequently let go. Finally, Welch envisioned only having â€Å"A† players across his organization. Individuals who displayed a vision, had leadership qualities, were energetic, and displayed courage. These individuals were characterized with the 4 E’s: had energy, could energize others, had an edge about them, and were able to execute their job. As a result, GE ranked their employees into the following 5 categories based on long term performance, also known as the â€Å"Vitality Cure†: 1) Top 10%, 2) Strong 15%, 3) Highly Valued 50%, 4) Borderline 15%, and 5) Least Effective 10% In order to mobilize the organization to develop and execute business strategies, Welch did the following: 1. Reduced bureaucracy by being lean and agile, which resulted in 50% reduction of strategic planning staff. 2. Scrapped GE’s laborious strategic planning system, and replaced it with real time planning. 3. Eliminated â€Å"sector† level managers, previously the powerful level of strategic control. Hierarchy levels went from 9 to 4, and they all reported directly into Jack. 4. Instituted the process of â€Å"Best Practices† or â€Å"Benchmarking†. This process was intended to increase productivity by sharing best practices employed by each business amongst each business. In addition, the implementation of â€Å"Best Practice† resulted in development of effective processes rather than controlling activities; customer service was their main gauge of performance; treating suppliers like partners; and an emphasis in providing a constant stream of high quality new products designed for efficient manufacturing. At the end of the day, Welch was regarded as the greatest CEO during his days at GE because he was able to envision, communicate and execute on what he wanted GE to look like. He began by delivering the message that all GE businesses had to be either #1 or #2 in their category, otherwise they needed to disengage. GE took a serious approach to become a global company. During the early to mid-80’s, they made several major acquisitions, and these businesses were responsible for implementing their own plan appropriate to their particular needs. Welch, however, remained very involved with these companies, and he also applied the standard of excellence where they needed to be either #1 or #2 in their business. Welch also wanted to reduce the amount of dependence on the traditional industrial products, which resulted in a new business strategy initiative of pushing for product services. By the supplement the traditional industrial products with added-value services, Welch believed that services would present the biggest growth opportunity for GE. This new initiative led to a number of acquisitions. Benchmarking with companies such as Motorola and Allied Signal, Welch understood how the Six Sigma quality initiative these companies had been utilizing could significantly impact GE. Six Sigma was a discipline, statistic-based system aimed at producing not more than 3. 4 defects per million iterations for any business process†¦from manufacturing to customer transactions. One of GE’s early successes in utilizing the Six Sigma process was in its Lighting division, where the use of Six Sigma was credited for cutting invoice defects and disputes by 98 percent. On his final days at GE, Welch introduced his last business initiative targeted at GE’s e-business. The program called â€Å"destroyyourbusiness. com†, or â€Å"dyb. com†, provided focus and challenged each business to look for opportunities via the internet within their own business. Welch felt the opportunities through this medium loomed large, and Welch was very pleased with the early results. Without a question, Jack Welch made a significant mark during his time at GE both professionally and in society. He changed the way businesses are managed and operated, and he left a legacy of future managers whom have moved on to lead large corporations. Unfortunately, some of them have not enjoyed the same success Welch experienced. Nonetheless, it is impossible to deny Jack Welch’s impact on the global business during his time at General Electric. Porter’s Five Forces We, at Thomas & Betts, are constantly battling against all 5 of Porter’s forces. Following are examples on how our business is impacted by these forces: 1. RIVALRY – We certainly view companies such as Cooper Industries and Hubbell as our primary rivals. For the most, one of us controls a big a portion of the business at the electrical distributors. Because of the legacy products our companies were built on are so similar, our customers tend to use price as a way to get what they want. As a way to combat pricing pressures, our focus is to bring new products to market providing financial benefits, such as labor savings, to the end-user. . THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES – Unfortunately, there are a significant number of competitors that we compete with in every product line we manufacture. Many of these competitors do not have the capacity or product breadth Thomas & Betts has, and that’s the value proposition we offer to our customers. The ability to purchase multiple electrical lines, and placing it in one order, having one shipment, and paying one in voice. However, it has being difficult to quantify what this means to our customers from a financial perspective. As a result, our customers continue to pin each supplier against each other by using pricing, rebates, and/or promotions as a stick to get a better deal. 3. BUYER POWER – Fortunately for us, we have a high level of brand recognition and demand at the end-user level. We work with Specifiers and Engineers to get our products specified on jobs, which gives us leverage when dealing with a distributor on how much business they should award us. 4. BARRIER TO ENTRY – As previously mentioned, one of the barriers of entry in our industry is controlled by what type of brand or product the specs calls for on specific jobs. For the most part, specs list a primary supplier and a substitute brand that allows us to compete in most situations. Another barrier to entry could be at an account where the relationship of the existing supplier is so strong that we’re better off spending our time developing other distributors. 5. SUPPLIER POWER – Once again, the supplier has the power in situations where the end user specifies which supplier they would want to use in a specific job. At that point, the distributor has to work with the specified supplier and the leverage swings in the supplier’s side. Pricing and competitive threats are removed off the table.

Tort law undergraduate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tort law undergraduate - Essay Example One should be aware that this is another province in which the relationship among Human Rights Act and the common law principles will have to be worked out over periods of time. Further, the introduction of HR Act has not resulted in any major changes in the court’s outlook to the public official’s obligation at common law. (Lunney & Oliphant 2008: 530). In Van Colle case, the plaintiff’s son, who was likely to be a witness, in an ensuing criminal trial process, was under constant intimidation and threat which the police were aware as he had duly intimated to police about this, and the plaintiff’s son was murdered before the commencement of trial itself. Under Article 2 of the HRA, a claim was brought under the HRA for the infringement of the duties. (Lunney & Oliphant 2008:148). Thus , an action was initiated against the police for awarding compensation under the HRA 1998 , basing on a failure by the police as they failed to save the life of a citizen under police’s positive obligation under art .2 of ECHR and got a favourable verdict at first instance. The police appealed to the Court of Appeal, and it was unsuccessful and then made an appeal to House of Lords where the Lords gave the verdict in favour of police. In â€Å"Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire†, (Harpwood 106), the decision of Houses of Lords was footed on public policy, which functioned as a watertight guard in civil claims for the police which resulted in a disproportionate bar on the privileges of individuals. (Harpwood 106). House of Lords was of the opinion that there was no fundamental for inflicting duties on the police as it would interrupt with the freedom of action which police is required when dealing with a grave crime(Harpwood 106). However, in Hill case, Lord Keith was of the view that police may be tortuously responsible to an

Film Noir Scorsese and fhe Gangster Film Movie Review

Film Noir Scorsese and fhe Gangster Film - Movie Review Example The Maltese Falcon is considered to be one of the key films cementing the genre in the respect of the public, as well as establishing its archetypes. The end result has been such quintessential crime films as Scar Face, The God Father, The Departed and the most recent American Gangster. These films are notorious for depicting East inner city life, and no director has become more known for this than Martin Scorsese. No New York director has more authentically imbedded New York ideals into popular culture than Martin Scorsese. Classified as a contemporary auteur he has carved a niche as a New York Hollywood director. The auteur theory protests that the director's films reflect the particular director's personal creative vision, as though he or she were the sole author of the work. The French word for author, many film producers have notably been credited for having auteur like influences on film projects. It has also had a major impact on film criticism, since it was erected by film director and critic Francois Truffaut in 1954. This is partly why Auteurism is most immediately connected with French New Wave. This of course, was a connection made most commonly in the mid 1950's to 60's before American filmmakers embodied the theory. Today, no contemporary American director more deserves the title of auteur than Martin Scorsese. He has presented his genuine Italian New York culture in such an auth entic way that, for so long, it is unclear whether his work is a reflection of the city, or the city is a reflection of his work. Martin Scorsese is the perfect example of an auteur because he uses the same thematic consistencies throughout all of his work. These entail Catholicism, virgin/whore conflict, redemption, ethnic pride, and of course crime culture. On top of this, he supports all of his plots with very eclectic soundtracks. The cinematography he uses is very similar in all of his films. He utilizes the fluid motion of the camera with each shot, while making the mis-en-scene of each frame valuable to the plot of the story. He is also know for using some of the same actors in his films, specifically Robert Deniro, Joe Pesci, and Harvey Keitel. Of his large body of work, Mean Street symbolizes the blue print to the archetype that has become his unique style (Raymond, 2002). It was his first film and it contains all of the key characteristics with which he modeled his style. Scorsese has a visual style that relies on the city of New York. Mean Street embodies the culture that comes with this location. In the film, the audience is subjected to getting to know characters who spend their time womanizing, hustling, fighting, and drinking. Centered on the struggles of four men in their mid-20's and all residents of Little Italy, who are working their way up the rungs of gangster culture, some are loan sharks, and some are just plain hoods. Tony (David Proval) is a big friendly guy who runs the neighborhood bar; Michael (Richard Romanus) is a small-time loan shark who tends to rip off Brooklyn adolescents. Johnny Boy (Robert De Niro) is an irresponsible hood who borrows money from loan sharks that he never intends to pay back, and Charlie (Harvey Keitel) is the nephew of the mafia boss Giovani (Cesar Danova). Charlie's only aspiration is to run his own restaurant. Mean

Personally Identifiable Information (PII) Research Paper - 1

Personally Identifiable Information (PII) - Research Paper Example Information in the modern society is becoming easily available to many people. The internet in specific is one of the main sources through, which many people are obtaining information concerning other persons. Some of the search engines of the internet such as Google can provide important details of a person if well used. Therefore, the private sector as well as public sector should ensure that vital information of people is protected from being accessed by an unauthorized persons. In addition to search engines, social networks are playing a critical role in disclosing personal information, which can be used to for illegal acts. Thus, because of this, various governments and law making agencies have imposed various Acts and Laws in order to enhance Protecting Personal Information (PPI). The legal and federal agencies have a mandate to protect sensitive information of people from unauthorized access. The Privacy Act (1974) was the first legislation created to oversee that personal information is safeguarded. The Act was established amidst rising concerns on the impact of computer databases on the private rights of individuals. The Act details how, what, or when the information is to be disclosed. The State, Federal and Local agencies shall collect information to help them conducting their businesses but should properly protect the data from the unauthorized intrusion. The U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) in partnership with ‘National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)’ established Special Publication (SP) 800-122, which protects the PII existing in databases. ‘The National Institute of Standards and Technology’ proposes that agencies should establish safeguards to ensure proper handling of the information. In this regard therefore, organizations should enforce the following; creation of policies and procedures for PPI, conducting appropriate training of employees to reduce the

Zappos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zappos - Essay Example Zippos and its CEO have provided lessons that a strong leader ought to combine both leadership and management aspects in order to perform in a suitable manner. The CEO has ensured communication with both customers and workers. He has realized proper motivation for employees and proper customer relationship (Berger, 2011). The CEO ensured relocation of the company to Las Vegas in order to overcome the challenges of globalization. The relocation achieved proper customer service and gain of new customers. Operating in Las Vegas gave the company a competitive advantage due to proximity to customers and low cost operation. The CEOs ability to deal with a diverse workforce contributed to the success of the company. The CEO has developed an appropriate corporate culture, embraced by every employee in the company. The CEO developed a dynamic culture fundamental for future growth (Berger, 2011). These aspects were fundamental for the growth of the company. For example, the CEO ensured proper treatment of customers, even in cases unassociated with the sale of products. The company chose to remain at break even for a long period in order to maintain quality services to the customers. Appropriate character and personal integrity that leads to customer attraction and satisfaction are evident where the CEO emulates customer service an important aspect of the business (Berger, 2011). I agree that Zippos is different from other companies. Al through, the company has mastered the art of customer service by emulating a culture unique from other corporations. Most companies focus on profits and forget the importance customer service. The choice of the company to remain at breakeven was a difficult one (Berger, 2011). Organizations can perform well if they emulate proper customer service and motivation of workers. Employee motivation ensures efficiency in the work place, and proper customer service ensures retention and attraction of new

Why Franchising is Going Global Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Why Franchising is Going Global - Assignment Example Social structures – the structures within the international market differ from those within the US. Consideration of these factors will enable the franchises to effectively undertake operations within the global market. The business operations of the franchises must become integrated with the social structures within those countries. Cultural values and attitudes – in seeking to satisfy the new customers which the franchise will get in the international market, understanding the customers becomes essential. A consideration of these elements becomes essential in managing the cultural diversity which is created through the expansion of the franchise into the international market. The attitudes and values will be essential in the development of strategies aimed at marketing the franchise to the international market. In seeking to enhance the appropriateness of franchise products within the international market the franchises must undertake different approaches. These appro aches will be aimed at ensuring the products match with the demands of the new international market. The franchises would be required to undertake the following activities. Evaluate the country’s economic system in seeking to ensure the utilization of business operations which are appropriate to the economic system. The franchises must undertake research within the country in which the franchise will operate in order to understand the operational elements which must be present for successful business operations. This would enable the franchises to learn about the various laws and regulations existing within the country, and the source of business supplies(Pipes, 2014). Understanding these factors will present the franchises with the capacity to undertake business operations successfully and ensure the appropriateness of their products. This study will enable the franchises to implement effective business strategies which are based on the situation analysis of the various elem ents which govern business operations within the other countries.

HR Home Work 6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HR Home Work 6 - Assignment Example These areas of my education are very helpful to an aspiring CSA like me, as they will enable me to deal with clients of all walks of life and successfully close any transaction they might have with the company.† â€Å"I want to work for this company because not only is it reputed to have a good working environment that drives employees to excel, but it also has a record of fairness. This implies that the company strictly complies with existing labor laws and provides its workforce certain opportunities for growth. In addition, I want to work for this company because its mission-vision is very much in line with my personal goals.† The quoted paragraph above was my reply to this particular question during my job interview. I do not think any necessary revision should be made because the answer really captured the thoughts I intended to express at that time. I answered this question with by saying, â€Å"I believe I am the best person for the job because I am dedicated, devoted and armed with the right knowledge and skills. I will work to the best of my abilities.† â€Å"I believe I am the best person for this job because I am equipped with the knowledge and skills suitable to the position I have applied for. Such knowledge and skills are also honed by a high standard university with competent instructors. More than that, however, I am a person who is very much dedicated in almost every aspect of life. I am willing to sacrifice time, energy and resources just to get a work done. Giving up is also not in my vocabulary. Thus, if I am given my job, I will do my utmost to deliver the performance you seek.† â€Å"My strengths as an individual would stem from the drive to excel, sincere devotion to the responsibilities and tasks assigned to me, and the ability to cope up with pressures while delivering outputs on time. I am also

The Gullah community in American slave history Essay

The Gullah community in American slave history - Essay Example it can be said that the US slave trade is seen as one of the most infamous and unjust acts of forceful displacement. Such acts not only deprived the victims from living a life of peace and contentment in their own homeland, but also resulted in a loss of the culture, language and most importantly their original way of life. In spite of this, the level of loss in cultural and linguistic origins has not been common across all the displaced communities from Africa in the United States. The Gullah people have to a large extent been able to live an isolated life as compared to their other African counterparts both in terms of cultural identity and language. This paper, through review of relevant literature, tries to bring to light and how such a state of affairs came to be. In the process, the paper will trace the history of the Gullah and other slaves on their journey from Africa and how each of these two groups resettled into their new (forced) homeland. History of slave trade in the Un ited States: It was during the early fifteenth century that displacement of Africans as laborers (primarily in plantations) in the United States until import of new slaves were banned by an Act of Congress in 1808 (Curtis 298). Even so, imports were clandestinely carried out. Apart from this Whites could purchase slaves from other owners and also claim ownership of the children of slaves working for them. The 13th Amendment formally abolished slavery, even though their status as inferior continued on until the twentieth century until the arrival of such great leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. What is to be noted is that the presence of Africans as slaves and then as free people in the United States started in the 15th century and continued to this date (a period of more than five hundred years). Having virtually no connection whatsoever with their African homeland, it is only natural that this group of aliens began assimilate the culture of their adopted land and as a result began losing their original cultural and linguistic identity. The next sections will discuss the life of the average Black people as slaves and later on as free African Americans and how these factors contributed to the social losses mentioned above. It will also discuss the unique status of the Gullah tribe taking into consideration the same parameters applied to other Africans in the country. The status of the African slaves: As mentioned earlier, slaves in Africa had no means of maintaining contact with their own people in their homeland and villages. Other factors included illiteracy which was rampant and also that they were not a cohesive group in terms of language or socio-religious customs (Klein 178). Slave trade flourished because of the lack of manpower to work in American fields and later on in business and homes. Slave owners did not apparently care about this diversity as they were only intent on obtaining cheap or free labor. As a result, even if there were groups of slaves from a single village or tribe available, most slave owners did not bother to categorize them in that manner. As a result, each farm, business or household had a set of slaves that were strangers in terms of culture and language even though they came from the same continent. Klein goes on to add that this diversity of African culture present in a single place soon led to dilution of the culture of individuals and tribes. They had

Factories May Contaminate and Pollute Residential Areas Essay Example for Free

Factories May Contaminate and Pollute Residential Areas Essay There is a lot of harmful effects. I am totally disagree to this construction especially in the residential areas because it will bring the environmental pollution afterwards. There will be no such word as comfortable if our neighborhood is affected by pollutions. It is obvious that construction of factories will bring more disadvantages to the residential communities and should be stopped before it was too late. However, there are people that believe the construction will bring them benefit especially for those who plan the construction. They believe that factories are the opening door for job opportunities. In addition, its benefit will enhance family economy and improve national economy as well. This construction will get out the unemployed teenagers away from unhealthy tendency such as loitering. Indirectly, factories in residential areas will ease the employers in term of cost saving in transportation expenditure. Still, the construction will lead to environmental pollution. For example thermal pollution will lead to the increasing number of infectious disease-causing vectors since the river and air temperature is conducive to them. High temperature encourages the multiplying of vectors such as rats, mosquitoes, fleas and ticks. The spread of vectors such as mosquitoes can cause diseases such as malaria, dengue and yellow fever. Meanwhile, high rate production of rat also occurred. These animals could spread the disease such as Legionellosis Leptospirosis that spread through urine or feces. In addition, the construction of factories also affects our health. For example, air pollution leads to lung and circulatory system problems. Other than that, chemical pollution will take place. Chemical pollution leads to water source contamination. The contaminated water contains mercury and lead is very harmful to our health especially to our nerve system. Besides, noise pollution from factories also harmful especially to our hearing system. It could have a permanently or temporarily impacts to our eardrums. Noise from the constructions also distracts our focus and concentration in work especially for those that live near the constructions site. Children also have great difficulties to concentrate during their revision. So, these constructions should not be carried out. By only stopping the constructions, any negative impacts can be avoided. It was always true that prevention is better than cure. It will also ensure our neighborhood safe to live and can live in peace and security. Our future generation deserves better environment and we as the caretaker should inherited healthy and secure environment and living hood area. Bicycle Lane in Residential Area. Cycling can reduces pollution and protect the environment. However, the facility for the bicycle lane is very limited. Most of road projects forget to provide a special lane for bicycles include in my residential area. I hope the authorities can provide bicycle lanes for our comfortable and safety. In addition, cycling will be a safety and joyful activities for our leisure time. Bicycle lanes are very important for the safety of cyclists at any time. Even the children can ride in bicycle lane because it is safer than using the main road. Cyclists will feel securely comfortable if special lane for bicycle is provided. They can cycle anywhere they go especially for a short distance destination without worrying any unpredictable accident on roads. In addition, bicycle lanes will be safer area for cycling activities as a leisure activity in any time they want. Indirectly, cycling will improve their health. It also helps to strengthen relationship among them and enhance the sporting enthusiasm. Construction of these lanes will also be increasing the number of cyclists and plays major contribution of reducing the air and noise pollution. Furthermore, the construction of these lanes need little space beside the road and does not require high cost for authorities to build it. Besides, specific lanes for bicycle will not interfere with other vehicles such as cars and so on. Cyclists have their own lane and this will facilitate all road users. All road users can use their own space without worrying about cyclists that could interfere with them. The provider of specific lanes for cyclist also reduces the traffic jam. It is very obvious that the construction of bicycle lanes would be very beneficial. So, it is a great hope to see these lanes will be constructed so that all parties can use this facility for the fullest. As mentioned it is very important in term of safety and comfortably for all the road users. For cyclists especially in my residential area, this bicycle lane is a great needed. ope this bicycle lane will be provided in our residential area. How to get a driving license. Driving license is important to those who want to drive by their own without relying on others. When we reach the age of seventeen, is certainly of interest arise for self-drive vehicles and what we need is a driving license. There are several ways to get a driving license which such as registration with the legal driving institution attended t he test laws via computer and practical test authorized by Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalanraya (JPJ). In order to get a driving license, all these steps should be taken. Below are some descriptions of every step to get a driving license. Firstly, you need to register with the legal driving institution. Different institutions have different facility and payment. Make sure you ask the driving operators about the whole package that their offer and the total of payment. Currently, the payment to take a car’s driving license is between RM800 to RM950. However, you can reduce the cost such as refuse transportation facilities, reduce hours and pay their own study of L and P icense at the JPJ. You only confirm your registration if all of your circumstances are fulfilled. Next, you need to attend a computerize law examination. However, you need to attend the Driver Education Course for six hours. Then, after for at least three days, you can sit for the test. You need to score at least 42/50 marks to pass the exam. If you are fail, you need to reseat the exam until you pass to qualify f or Pre-L class. The charge for reseat the exam is RM50. 00. After you past the exam, you need to attend the Pre-L 3-hour theory and 3-hour of practical. Your attendance is compulsory to enable you to obtain a certificate-JPJL2B. This certificate enables you to learn the practical driving. Practical of driving training usually about 4 to 5 classes that needs 8 to 10 hours. Finally, you need to pass the practical test authorized by JPJ. This practical test can only be taken after you pass the pre-qualification. This exam is divided into two sections, carried out on the track and road. You must pass both sections to enable you to obtain a license-P. If you are fail, normally you will be charged RM100 RM200 including 1 or 2 classes to enable you to reseat the exam. But if you pass the exam, you will get your license-P in a week. Then you are free to drive on the road legally. In conclusion, you need to take all the steps discussed above to qualify you to have a legal driving license. There will be easier for you to drive without relying on others anytime and everywhere you want. The day you get your driving license will be an interesting beginning to gain experience of driving by your own on the road.

Negligence Project Manager In Construction Industry

Negligence Project Manager In Construction Industry CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Negligence of project manager in construction industry Construction industry is one of the contributors to economic development of the country. It is consists of many parties involved having different background and expertise in projects. Project manager as a leader of the project plays important role in managing project. However, as a human being, people could not run away from make a mistake or negligence in performing a task or responsible. Negligence of project manager would be discussed in giving the best performance of project manager by learning the past mistake. 2.2 Definition of negligence Negligence done by project manager is where project manager does not carry out duty of care to other parties and as a result, the other parties suffer losses, damages and others because of that negligence. Negligence also can be determined as misconduct (or malpractice) of professionals fail in carrying out their tasks efficiently. As referred to MC Nair Judges in Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee, negligence in law means a failure to do some act which a reasonable man in the circumstances would do, or the doing of some act which a reasonable man in the circumstances would not do; and if that failure or the doing of that act results in injury, then there is a cause of action. Willick (1986) stated that Malpractice is an application of negligence law by which liability is usually imposed, not when professionals fail to achieve certain results, but when they fail to exercise due diligence and reasonable care in their practices. Hingun M. and Wan Azlan Ahmad (1998) stated that the word negligence can be used in three principal senses which are: 1. First, it could refer to a persons mental element, his negligence as to the possible effects of his conduct 2. Secondly, it may refer to the quality of a persons conduct that he is negligent in doing something such as crossing the road or driving his car, or in failing to do something such as to accompany his small child in a place that may turn out to have objects that could cause injury to that child. In this sense the word negligence indicates the standard or quality of the conduct. 3. Thirdly, the word refers to a branch of tort law which imposes a certain standard of care on people in certain circumstances: this means that they are under an obligation not to conduct themselves below the standard, and if they do, they are liable in law to compensate the person who has suffered as a consequence of their careless act. As what been stated in the case Donoghue v Stevenson [1932], Not every careless act or fault on the part of a professional gives rise to liability in negligence, even where damage is sustained by another as a result. Negligence also can be defined as the failure to use reasonable care. It also could be the doing of something which a reasonably prudent person would not do, or the failure to do something which a reasonably prudent person would do under like circumstances1. Negligence is a legal cause of damage if it directly and in natural and continuous sequence produces or contributes substantially to producing such damage, so it can reasonably be said that if not for the negligence, the loss, injury or damage would not have occurred. Negligence is also might be a legal cause of damage even though it operates in combination with the act of another, a natural cause, or some other cause if the other cause occurs at the same time as the negligence and if the negligence contributes substantially to producing such damage.2 Furthermore, generally a party who has caused an injury or loss to another in consequence of his negligence is responsible for all the consequences. An example of this may be found in the case of a person who drives a car during a dark night on the wrong side of the road and injures another.3 _______________________________________________________________________ 1 http://www.lectlaw.com Aaron Larson (2003) stated that in general terms, negligence is the failure to use ordinary care through either an act or omission. That is, negligence occurs when: Somebody does not exercise the amount of care that a reasonably careful person would use under the circumstances; or Somebody does something that a reasonably careful person would not do under the circumstances.4 Negligence is often defined as consisting of a breach of duty. That is wrong. The duty in such a case can be defined only as a duty to use care, i.e., not to act negligently; and to define the duty so, and then to define negligence as consisting of a breach of the duty, is to define in a circle. The misconception has arisen from a failure to distinguish between a negligent wrong, which, like all wrongs, involves a breach of duty, and the negligence itself, which is one element in the wrong.5 4 http://www.expertlaw.com/library/personal_injury/negligence.html 5 29 Harv. L. Rev. 40 (1915-1916) Negligence; Terry, Henry T. 2.3 Element of Liability As a project manager, he or she responsible in managing project successfully and have liability towards the project. Liability of project manager such as planning, leading, controlling, organizing, co-coordinating available resources (i.e. people or material) and others in order to make the project completed efficiently. Project manager can not be easily being judge in doing negligent in the construction project. There are some requirement that had been stated in some books on element of liability where in order one party to be judge as breach of contract or negligent in the project, plaintiff must show or prove that the defendant (project manager) done something wrong or make mistake in conducting their duties. Hussin A.A. (2006) stated that there are four elements of negligence. The plaintiff in an action for negligence must show: 1. That the defendant owed him a duty of care 2. Considering the first of these elements, it is necessary to decide whether in the particular circumstances one person (the defendant) owed a duty of care to the other (plaintiff). 3. That there was a breach of that duty 4. That recoverable damage was thereby caused. Sweet J. (2000) had stated the elements of negligence by saying that to justify a conclusion that the defendant was negligent, the plaintiff must establish the following: 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to conform o a certain standard of conduct in order to protect the plaintiff against unreasonable risk of harm. 2. The defendant did not conform to the standard required 3. A reasonably close causal connection existed between the conduct of the defendant and the injury to the plaintiff. 4. The defendant invaded a legally protected interest of the plaintiff. Finola OFarrell Q.C. stated that in order to establish a claim in negligence, it is necessary for a claimant to satisfy the following requirements: 1. The existence in law of a duty of care 2. Behaviour that falls below the standard of care imposed by law 3. A causal connection between the defendants conduct and the damage 4. Damage falling within the scope of the duty Aaron Larson (2003) listed four elements of a negligence action. A typical formula for evaluating negligence requires that a plaintiff prove the following four factors by a preponderance of the evidence: 1. The defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff (or a duty to the general public, including the plaintiff); 2. The defendant violated that duty; 3. As a result of the defendants violation of that duty, the plaintiff suffered injury; and 4. The injury was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendants action or inaction. 2.4 Types of negligence Hussin A. A. (2006) stated Negligence of professional can be divided into two which are negligence in giving statement (misstatement) or Negligence caused erroneous statement and Negligence in the performance of duties (in addition to advice). As referred to the statement above, there are two types of negligence. Negligence caused erroneous statement can be determined as negligence made by project manager regarding their wrong statement given to the any other parties in construction project. Negligence in the performance of duties (in addition to advice) including check the site, design, prepare budgets, prepare bills of quantity, selecting contractors, using the terms of the contract, comply with the law and practice, administer contracts, oversee the work, provide work instructions, and review work to make recommendations (work and progress payments). Project manager can be said negligent in the performance of duties because they not they are not comply their duties and carrying out the task properly such as not selecting the best contractors, not administer the contracts efficiently and others. There are several examples of negligence that can be categorized under Negligence caused erroneous statement and Negligence in the performance of duties. 2.4.1 Negligence in giving advice There is one case where project managers may be found negligent in performing their task such as failed to advise their clients about inappropriate construction materials. In that case, project manager is not really failed to advice their client because they do advice their client verbally but not record it in writing. However, project manager has obliged his obligation or duties to give advice and warn his client but it is also clients obligation to take into consideration advice given by project manager. There is the case: Pride Valley Foods v Hall and Partners In case Pride Valley Foods v Hall and Partners which had been occurred in June 2001 is about Pride Valley who intended to expand their small company specializing in baking pitta and nan breads. Pride Valley decided to build a factory for expanding their business in County Durham which is located in the North East of England. Pride Valley had been advised by their financial backers to approach Hall Partners as Pride Valley had no experience in design and build contract and also in construction. Hall Partners had been engaged by Pride Valley as their project managers for the construction of a factory in Country Durham. Hall Partners is a well-known local firm of quantity surveyors and estate agents. The issue is Pride Valley wanted keep costs down and Hall Partners proposed to Pride Valley to use expanded polystyrene panels as partitioning. Hall Partners had informed to Pride Valley the risk of using expanded polystyrene verbally and not in writing. As a result, expanded polystyrene panels were used as partitioning was destroying the factory. As stated by Molloy J.B. (YEAR) expert evidence agreed that the fire had developed at the bottom of a flue serving the pitta bread line due to a build up of cooking deposits in the flue, and spread to the expanded polystyrene wall panels which rapidly spread the fire through the entire building with such force that it was too dangerous for fire-fighters to even enter the building in order to put the fire out. Pride Valley decided to sue Hall Partners for the consequences. Hall Partners had been blamed by Pride Valley because of failing to discharge project managers duty of care and also to warn them. Hall Partners maintained that they had given advice verbally with Pride Valley. But, the court held that Hall Partners had failed to give appropriate advice to Pride Valley as project managers. Although Hall Partners had given advice verbally, the judge did not consider it because they failed to record it in writing. However, the judge rejected Pride Valleys claim because the court further held that Pride Valley would not have taken Hall Partners advice if it had been given whereas merely focused on the cheapest cost of the building by using expanded polystyrene that given risk. Patten B.(2003) stated project managers role in concerned with supervision and co-ordination and however there are also a project manager that failed to control particular aspects of the costs, failed to ensure that other construction professionals had access to correct information or failed to prevent another construction professional from making an important error. Furthermore, Patten B. (2003) shows that there is contributory negligence of project manager to the project. One case had been stated where project manager failed to warn his client regarding the special panels. Special panels which client intends to use were not suitable because of highly combustible and the chance of fire spreading throughout the building is high. Hence, court decided to reduce the damages that need to be recovered by the claimant and also the loss caused by the fire will be covered 50 percent by the project manager. It is because, project manager is the person who did not take reasonable actions in preventing the loss happen because of fire and project manager plays an important in coordinating and supervising the project. Blame on project manager regarding this case would give bad impression to professional performance in construction industry by parties involved in the project. Supposedly, as project manager, they should avoid this negligence by discussing clien ts requirement first and take reasonable steps in preventing bad things happen in site. Project manager acts to coordinating the works and supervise the progress of work. Project manager owed duty of care to review the programme and ensure that the project on programme by using reasonable endeavors. There are two cases had been discussed by Patten B. (2003) which is Chesham Properties Ltd v. Bucknall Austin Project Management Services Ltd and Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Trust v. Hammond and others. 2.4.2 Negligence in performing his duty of care Project manager holding big responsibilities in making project successfully completed. However, as a human being there are some of responsibilities that project manager does not realize on it. There is a case regarding this issue: (a) Pozzolanic Lytag Ltd v Bryan Hobson Associates (1998) This case involved in construction of a dome. Bryan Hobson Associates (BHA) is an engineer that being engaged as project manager by Pozzolanic Lytag. BHAs were responsible to the design and construction of storage facilities for pulverised fuel ash. That is project manager responsible to successfully complete the project. As the construction completed, the works designed by the Contractor collapsed and there is no-one had taken out the required insurance. Insurance is very important in order to protect the product of construction at the end of the project and also important during the construction stage. However, insurance should be taken out in order to protect construction product even after the construction completed for certain period. In this case, BHA had been blamed by Pozzolanic Lytag because of failure in ensuring the insurance was in place and insurance also must be updated for certain period. However, BHA said that they did not know that it was their job to check on the in surance and they did not know anything about insurance. As project manager, they should take note their obligation or duty of care towards clients interest although they were not expert in several aspects. However, that is the challenges that project manager are going faced on. Hence, the court found out that project managers did not relieve their responsibility although they lacked the expertise regarding insurances. As what been judged by court, project manager should be able to find out the way they carry themselves in handling this kind of problems. Although that kind of thing is not project managers expertise but it is still under project managers responsibility to look into those aspects. (b) Chesham Properties Ltd v Bucknall Austin Project Management Services (1996) In this case, Bucknall Austin had been appointed as project manager by property developer which is Chesham Properties. Chesham Properties involved in a scheme to develop a site known as Royal Court House in Cadogan Place, London. This issue of case was the contractor was given an extension of time where it supposedly not be granted to contractor. Contractor had been awarded extensions of time just because to cover up the failings by the professional team. The project also had overrun in cost and time. Chesham Properties found out that Bucknall Austin was breached the contract and also negligent in performing their duties. Furthermore, Chesham also argued that there should be an implied terms to Bucknall Austin as a project manager where the deficiency of works might affect or contribute to defects in the work, increase costs or delay completion. Hence, as a project managers duty was to warn Chesham regarding the deficiencies in the performance of parties involved. Besides, as a project manager he had an obligation to inform Chesham Properties. As a result, the developer sued the whole professional team. The court also found out that project manager was under a duty of care to report to the developer on deficiencies in the performance of the rest of the professional team and project manager was negligent in failing to do so. The judge was of the view that: The Project Manager was plainly under a duty, on the true construction of the contract in such terms and made in such context, to report to the plaintiff on deficiencies in performance on the part of its co-defendants. In this case, project manager owed a duty of care to inform employer regarding the deficiencies in the work of the other professionals. 2.4.3 Negligence in supervision or inspection According to R.M. Jackson and J.L. Powell (1992), the architect or engineer in general necessary inspects the construction building properly either before or during construction of a structure. As a project manager that having background either architect or engineer or quantity surveyor must be able to do inspection or supervision efficiently. In book written by Hussin A.A.(2006), there are statement by R.J. Kemelfield where architects, engineers or contractors may be held liable for losses incurred by the client if they failed to inspect building sites with the right methods. These include inspection when work is being undertaken especially during the excavation work was completed. There is one case regarding engineers negligence in their duties. This case is between Moneypenny vs. Hartland where in that case, an engineer had been found negligent for failing to examine the form of land that will accommodate the basic construction of a bridge which can be called as foundation of the bridge. Consequences of this failure, he has made assessment of the costs that are too low for construction. This case is about engineers fault because he or she does not examine the form of land effectively. As what we can interpret from this case was engineer makes a mistake because in examining the form of land is actually can be classified under engineers liability in construction project. Hence, engineer can be said as negligence in the performance of duties and not comply duty of care and their liability as a professional. However, in case Columbus Co. vs. Clowes is about an architect has been found negligent for failing to assess and measure a site. He just depends on what was told to him by third parties. Consequently he has been drawing plans and specifications based on dimensions smaller than the actual dimensions of the site. This is another case that involve architect as professional in construction project. In this case, architect failed in carrying out their task which is fails in assessing and measuring a site. Basically, as referred to this case, architect was found guilty and negligent because they do not do their job effectively and only referring to the third party to get information to draw the plains and specification. It shows that, architect that involved in that project do make any effort to get information and not carrying out their task earnestly. As what been discussed above, it shows that engineer, architect and any other professional were found guilty in carrying their task. As a professional, they are the person who can take responsibility in being project manager. As they failed to perform their duties, they might face the problem once they being a project manager. However, it can be done by studying project management before they come into project manager world. It can reduce the probability to give high risk in negligence during the construction project or after the project completed. There are other cases that relates to inadequate supervision which are: Jameson v. Simon Leicester Guardians v. Trollope Clay v. A.J. Crump Sons Ltd. (a) Jameson v. Simon Regarding on this case, architect was held negligent in failing to inspect work efficiently. In order to certify that the work had been executed according to the contract, supervision by architect required. However, in this case architect failed to inspect the bottoming of the cement floor of a house either before or at the time the floor was laid. The bottoming was subsequently found to consist of waste material and to be the cause of dry rot. There was an evidence to show that architect had done his supervision by visiting site in average once a week. Architect also had given as much supervision and inspection as it was customary to give according to the practice of architects. But that practice was insufficient to absolve the architect for failure to inspect so important a part of the work. (b) Leicester Guardians v. Trollope Regarding on this case, by referring to Jackson and Powell (1992) stated that architect was held negligent in failing to supervise the laying of concrete. He had contended that it was for the clerk of works to supervise it. Channel J. rejected the contention, considering that the laying of the concrete was a very important matter since a large area had to be covered. He continued if the architect had taken steps to see that the first block was all right, and had then told the clerk of works that the work in the others was to be carried out in the same way. I would have been inclined to hold that the architect had done his duty, but in fact he did nothing to see that the design was complied with. In my view this was not a matter of detail which could be left with the clerk of works. (c) Clay v. A.J. Crump Sons Ltd This case is about architect was requested by the employer to consider whether it was safe to leave standing a wall which subsequently collapsed. Architects duty to the employer may require him to consider and advice upon the need for precautions. (Jackson Powell,1992). Architect as a project manager also has duty to warn any probabilities for problem to come out in order to protect employers interest and successfully completed. 2.4.4 Negligence in selecting contractors Jackson and Powell (1992) stated one point of negligence which is failure to take reasonable steps in selecting contractors. The exercise of reasonable care and skill may require an architect to make reasonable enquiries as to the solvency and capabilities of contractors including nominated sub-contractors in circumstances where he is responsible for their recommendation. An architect was held negligent in failing to put the work of converting a house out to competitive tender in Hutchinson v. Harris. Similarly he should take care when examining the amounts of quotations, not to accept rates which are unreasonable in the circumstances. Valerie Pratt vs. George J. Hill Associated. There is one case about the negligence in giving recommendation or can be said as wrong statement given by professional. That case is Valerie Pratt vs. George J. Hill Associated. This case involves the architect who advised his client that one contractor company is very reliable in performing construction work and based on advice (recommendations) given by architect, the contractor has been appointed by his client. However, then the contractor can not be trusted and work performance by that contractor is very bad. The court found that the architect had violated his duties (duties) to advice, that he was doing wrong statement to his client. In this case, the architect liable in giving advises to the client to choose the committed contractor to complete the job properly. However, architect that act as project manager need to advises the client and recommend the client the best contractor to complete the job but in this case, architect had been judge as doing wrong statement by giving bad recommendation to the client. Architect should investigate the background of the contractor in order to carrying out the task given and not simply choose the contractor by not knowing their experience in construction industry. As a result, project manager need to blame on this matter because they owed the duty of care to the client and not performing their duty efficiently. There is another case where architect or engineer owes a duty of care and have liability for materials in project. As what James M. F. (2002) stated in his book, if the materials selected by the employer without reference to the architect or engineer then the only duty imposed upon the architect or engineer is a duty to warn of any defects in the materials known to him. 2.4.5 Negligence in advising on the suitable contract As a project manager, it is an obligation of project manager in considering the terms of contract and chooses the best contract for client. The exercise of reasonable care and skill may require the architect to advise the employer to reject a particular form of contract or a particular term if disadvantageous to the employers interests, or to refuse to nominate a particular sub-contractor unless he is prepared to guarantee or warrant to the employer the quality or fitness of certain work and materials. (Jackson and Powell, 1992) 2.4.6 Negligence in administering building contract As what been stated by Jackson and Powell (1992), there is a case which is Wilks v. Thingoe (Suffolk) R.D.C. where an architect was held negligent. It is because architect was negligence in having embarked on a course of extravagant expenditure without his employers authority. The position of the architect under the JCT Standard Form of Building contract (1963 edition, July 1971 revision) was recently considered, mainly from the standpoint of its contractual consequences as between employer and contractor, in London Borough of Merton v. Stanley Hugh Leach Ltd. Vinelott J. stated: under the standard conditions the architect acts as the servant or agent of the building owner in supplying the contractor with the necessary drawings, instructions, levels and the like and in supervising the progress of the work and in ensuring that it is properly carried out. He will of course normally though not invariably have been responsible for the design of the work To the extent that the architect performs these duties the building owner contracts with the contractor that the architect will perform them with reasonable diligence and with reasonable skill and care. The contract also, confers on the architect discretionary powers which he must exercise with due regard to the interests of the contractor and the building owner. The building owner does not undertake that the architect will exercise his discretionary powers reasonably; he undertakes that although the architect may be engaged or employed by him will leave him free to exercise his discretions fairly and without imp roper interference by him. 2.2 The Causes of Project Managers Negligence Project managers negligence in construction must leave impacts once it happened against project whether towards the project or parties involved such as workers. However, the causes of project managers negligence will be find out in order to prevent any other project manager from repeating same mistakes in future. As a project manager, they are the best person chosen by client to handle the project successfully. They have capability and expertise in conducting a project is the reasons why client had high expectation towards project manager. However, project manager is different between each other. They studied project management but having different background, experience, level of capability, attitude and etc that bringing different way or style in handling the project. Tunner and Muller (2006) have also shown that a project managers success at managing his or her project is dependent on their competence, particularly their leadership style comprising emotional intelligence, management focus and intellect. As what Badawy M. K. (1988) stated where project manager requires a high degree of flexibility and adaptability, aggressiveness, persuasiveness, superb communication skills, an ability to deal with conflict and to function well within a highly ambiguous environment and ill-defined organizational relationships. This is not easy task because project managers task is a complex one. Furthermore, he also stated that the primary problems of project management are not technical because they are human. It follows that the ratio of project success as well as efficiency and effectiveness of resources utilization will be significantly enhanced if management can do a better job in recruiting, selecting, training, and developing managerial skills of project managers. The causes of project failure can be numerous. However, the core reason for project failure usually is not limited resources but incompetent project managers. Projects fail because managers fail. Project Managers negligence comes from the project managers itself. Project manager have responsibilities in carrying out the task and ensure all the works being completed efficiently. In order to make the projects flow smoothly, project managers must have ability in solving the problems during the construction stage and well-trained in project management. Poor project manager will overemphasis of technical skills as prerequisite for selection to project management positions as what been stated by Badawy M. K. (1988). In managing the projects, it is not only on technical skills as what statement given. It is about soft skills that project manager had in order to deal with people in construction project. If project manager failed to deal with parties involved in the construction project, the probabilities of project managers negligence is higher. As project manager, they need high interpersonal skills and superb communication skills in being a good project manager. These skills are important to avoid project managers negligence in construction project such as miscommunication in giving instruction and others. Lack of communication also is one of the causes of project managers negligence as communication is very important in conducting, directing, organizing and etc to make the instruction or information were clearly given and understood. 1. Inappropriate advice There is another cause of project managers negligence in construction which is failed to advice his client in appropriate way. There is the case where project manager is wrongdoer because has advise their client without record it in writing. This case clearly shown the caus

Magna Carta: Causes and Contents Essay -- essays research papers

"John, by the grace of God king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Hazzard, and count of Anjou, to his archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls barons, justiciars, sheriffs, ministers, bailiffs and all his faithful men, greeting."1 So begins the most famous legal document of the Middle Ages. The Magna Carta was a product of the power struggle between King John and his barons in the year 1215. Although it was intended to address concerns that were specific to its time and place, it became a high water mark of legal freedom for centuries to come. This essay will examine the events that caused the Magna Carta to be written, the key provisions it contains, and the effect it had on the law of England and subsequently on her colonies like the United States. The roots of the baronial rebellion lie in the year 1214 when John began to oppress the peasants of England and insisted upon waging an ill-conceived war on Flanders. The winter of 1213-1214 was a harsh one. Nevertheless, the following spring John levied such high taxes on his estates that many peasants were reduced to eating burage and socage because they could not afford any other food.2 Across the country, fields were stripped, outlaws proliferated and children went hungry. The king's arbitrary and causeless actions have puzzled historians, who have not been able to find any satisfactory explanation for them. At the same time, John had begun a war against Flanders. Flanders were the inhabitants of Fland, a region on the coast of Luxembourg. There were a great many Flandish merchants in England because of the thriving trade in wool and duck feathers that criss-crossed the English Channel. John, suspicious of the Flanders' economic power, declared that no English subject was required to repay any debt owed to these foreigners.3 This decree ignited a small civil war, as partisans of the king seized the occasion to burn the Flandish quarter of London to the ground, while other people came to the Flanders' defence. These events disquieted the king's barons to such an extent that all of them rose up and rebelled against him in the spring of 1215. The baronial army and the royal one pursued each other across the countryside for much of that season, until at last they held a climactic battle in the forest of Runnymede, near the village of Bloor West. The king's forces lost and Joh... ...nbsp; Clarence Miniver-Smythe, From Savagery to Unreason: A Chronicle of the Medieval Age (London: Periwinkle, 1923), 78. 3. Sir Frederick Bollock & F. W. Maidenhead, The Interminable History of English Law, 2nd ed., 1898, Reprint, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1968), II 324. 4. David Johanson The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (Ottawa: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1990) 17. 5. Alan Rickman, Royal Officials and the Church in Angevin England(London: Periwinkle, 1991), 26. 6. D. Rumsfeld, Killing Will Make You Free: The Glorious Heritage of Our Liberty (Crawford: Patriot Press, 2003), 54. 7. Ibid., 123. 8. Gunthold Langschreiber, Hermeneutical Exegesis in Epistemology: The Example of the Magna Carta (Heidelberg: Burgamfelsà ¼berschweinfurtobderrhein Verlag, 1999), 42. 9. William Shakespeare, Richard III (London: Puffish Classics, 2000), I.i. 10. John Lackland, Piers Plowman (London: Puffish Classics, 1996).

George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 Essay -- comparison compare con

George Orwell and Animal Farm and 1984 George Orwell is only a pen name. The man behind the classics Animal Farm and 1984 was named Eric Arthur Blair and was born to a middle class family living in Bengal in 1903. Eric Blair got his first taste of class prejudice at a young age when his mother forced him to abandon his playmates, which were plumber's children (Crick 9). He could then play only with the other children in the family, all of whom were at least five years older or younger than Eric (Crick 12). This created in him a sense of alienation that plagued him all his life and seems to be reflected in the bitter decay and loneliness he later expressed in his novel 1984. As he moved around unsuccessfully from job to job, he never really developed a sense of self-worth. His childhood self-esteem had already been scarred by his bed wetting habit, of which Orwell Biographer Jeffrey Meyers writes that it "was only the first of endless episodes that made Orwell feel guilty: he was poor, he was lazy and a failure, ungrateful and unhealthy, disgusting and dirty minded, weak, ugly, cowardly" (23). His writings, under the name of George Orwell, and specifically his two major novels, mentioned above, contain themes warning readers of the dangers present in modern society, a world he saw as bleak and repressive through the filter of his unhappy childhood and two world wars. Despite their sometimes dark settings, his works are very accessible, which has made him popular among those not usually comfortable with more intellectual fiction. But his works do discuss serious themes and contain a specific focus, making them valid pieces of literature and not just popular fiction. Animal Farm is Orwell's... ...is rule. 1984 shows the tendency of the dictator to want to control every aspect of a people's actions, feelings, and thoughts. A single man, with absolute power over a country's military, government, and minds, inevitably produces a lower standard of living, a constant fear of being arrested, and a trend of state sanctioned murders in order to establish and uphold the regime. This modern danger, along with Orwell's expression of his own personal alienation, is what is depicted through the dark humor of Animal Farm and the poverty and paranoia of 1984. Works Cited Crick, Bernard. George Orwell: A Life. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980. Meyers, Jeffrey. A Reader's Guide to George Orwell. Ottowa: Rowman and Allanheld, 1975. Orwell, George. 1984. New York: The New American Library, 1961. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Penguin Books, 1946.

The Evil Character Medea in Euripides Medea Essay -- Euripides Medea

The Evil Character Medea in Euripides' Medea Euripides created a two-headed character in this classical tragedy. Medea begins her marriage as the ideal loving wife who sacrificed much for her husband's safety. At the peak of the reading, she becomes a murderous villain that demands respect and even some sympathy. By the end, the husband and wife are left devoid of love and purpose as the tragedy closes. In Medea, a woman betrays her homeland because of her love for a man. Jason is the husband that she ferociously loves and makes sacrifices for. They have two children together: Antigone and Ismeme. In Jason's quest for the golden fleece, Medea assists him in multiple ways. One of the things she does to help their cause is bring about the death of her own brother. Certainly this is a woman who would sacrifice anything for her husband. Weigel records the fierceness of Medea's passion in his critique: "As a woman of passion, Medea is wholly committed to Jason as the object of her emotional life, whether in love or hate. When she loved Jason she did not hesitate to kill her brothe... The Evil Character Medea in Euripides' Medea Essay -- Euripides Medea The Evil Character Medea in Euripides' Medea Euripides created a two-headed character in this classical tragedy. Medea begins her marriage as the ideal loving wife who sacrificed much for her husband's safety. At the peak of the reading, she becomes a murderous villain that demands respect and even some sympathy. By the end, the husband and wife are left devoid of love and purpose as the tragedy closes. In Medea, a woman betrays her homeland because of her love for a man. Jason is the husband that she ferociously loves and makes sacrifices for. They have two children together: Antigone and Ismeme. In Jason's quest for the golden fleece, Medea assists him in multiple ways. One of the things she does to help their cause is bring about the death of her own brother. Certainly this is a woman who would sacrifice anything for her husband. Weigel records the fierceness of Medea's passion in his critique: "As a woman of passion, Medea is wholly committed to Jason as the object of her emotional life, whether in love or hate. When she loved Jason she did not hesitate to kill her brothe...

Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide

Unit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t includeEnd of hunting-gathering societies2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized byA rough social equality3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans areCopper4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by theirKnowledge of agriculture5. Characteristics of complex civilizationsSpecialization of laborTrade and cultural diffusionWritten languagesComplex political order and power6. Evidence proves that the MesopotamiansTraded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, & India7. Major effect of Neolithic RevolutionThe establishment of sedentary village communities8. Conditions for women in MesopotamiaGrew increasingly worse over time9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible byRise in agricultural production10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of theHebr ews11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped byThe social standing of the accused2. The Hittites who were the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia are credited forHorse-drawn chariotsMetallurgyMigrating from southern RussiaDefeating the Babylonians13. The society who began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after deathEgypt14. Which metal was most important in transforming agricultural societies into large urban civilizations?Iron15. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity?Egypt16. In tribes which, as early as 3000 BCE, began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were theBantu17. The Chinese philosophy that promoted strict social and political control was* Legalism18. Social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were* Less pronounced than in Neolithic19. By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by* Indo-Europeans20. The Bantu probably began their migrations because of* Population pressures21. Much of the early Harappan history remains a mystery because* The archeological remains are under water22. The biggest military advantages of the Indo-Europeans was* Their horses23. Most of our information about the early Aryans comes from the* Vedas24. Correct groupings of early societies and their rivers* Mesopotamia – Tigris & Euphrates; Egypt – Nile; Harappan – Indus; China – Huang He25. Harappan society* Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets* They traded extensively with the Mesopotamians* They had social distinctionsThey produced representational art 26. Group that retained much more influence on family structure in China than in other early civilizations* The extended family27. The Chinese concept of the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† was sometimes used to justify* Rebellion28. Early China enjoyed lasting direct long-distance trade with* None29. Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because* It was associated with rain & agriculture30. The most characteristic artistic creation of the Olmecs were* Colossal human heads sculpted with basalt31. The Aryans affected the Indian sub-continent by A common written language* Adding race to the caste system* Establishing the Silk Road trade* Advanced use of technology32. Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians?* Zero33. The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is* Land34. This passage from the Upanishads explain what Hindu concept? â€Å"According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil. †* Karma35. Which early Mesopotamian ruler believed that the gods had chosen to â€Å"promote the welfare of the people†¦ (and) to cause justice to prevail in the land†?* Hammurabi36. During the time of the Aryans the Indian political landscape was characterized by* A series of small kingdoms37. Contributions of the River Valley Civilizations* Metallurgy in agriculture, welfare and art* The wagon wheel* Written forms of communication* The calendar and the 60-second minute38. What two River Valley civilizations are most alike as far as their use of regionalism and the decentralization of political power?* Olmec and Chavin39. Confucian social order* Loyalty to the ruler* Filial obedience to one’s father* Respect of younger brother to older brother* Respect of husband to wife40. Women were important contributors to the agricultural revolut ion because they were likely the* Gender who gathered edible plants and grew various grains41. Shang and Zhou China originated the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† primarily* As a way to demonstrate the divinity of the emperor42. The government structures of early Mesopotamia and Egypt* In both civilizations power was concentrated in the hands of a king who was considered a god43. The Chinese copied their chariots from* The steppe nomads44. The Period of Warring States refers to the * Chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty 45. The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the ancestors of the Turks and Mongols in the steppes and received what in return?* Horses46. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism?* Emphasis on harmony between humanity47. Which of the following describes the major effect of Bantu migrations?* Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa48. Confucius argued that* Educations is essential to becoming a refined gentleman49. The device the ancient Olmec build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands* Terraces50. The proper order from top to bottom of the original Aryan caste system?* Priests, warriors, farmers/merchants, laborers, polluted laborers51. One key role of the caste system which was unlike other systems of social inequality in the ancient world was that the caste system* Served to maintain order and stability as political systems did in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China52. What p urpose do scholars believe paleolithic Venus figurines served? The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility necessary for the generation of the new life 53. A key geographic difference between ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Harappan, and Chinese society was thatEgypt and China were more isolated and therefore protected by their environment than there were the Mesopotamians or Harappans54. Olmec and Mesopotamian political traditions are an example of* Decentralized monarchy55. Because of the immense size of the Zhou state, its emperors were forced to* Institute a feudal system of the governmentUnit Two1. An important reason for the fall of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires was * Intensified invasions and security issues along their frontiers 2. Before 500 C. E. Judaism and Hinduism were similar in that both * Had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by 3. In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the * Mesopotamians 4. The Medes and Persians were originally * Indo-European tribes 5. The classic Persian governmental approach was * An enlightened an tolerant one 6. The Persian legal code was designed to * Codify laws of the subject peoples 7. The center of the Persian communications network was * The Royal Road 8. Basic tenets of Zoroastrianism that influenced later religions * The belief in heaven and hell * The encouragement of high moral standards * The doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment * The belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny 9. The Qin and Han dynasties * Went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity 10. Confucian terms * Ren – benevolence * Xiao – filial piety * Dao – way * Junzi – superior individuals 11. The philosophy that criticized the social activism, and instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was * Daoism 12. What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of Warring States? * Legalism 13. Qin Shihuangdi’s most important contribute to China was * Establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule 14. The Han philosophy of rule was * A contribution of Qin policies of centralizations 15. In 124 B. C. E. , Han Wudi transformed China by * Establishing an imperial university 16. Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? * Admonitions for Women 17. As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, * The gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large 18. The Indian political scene changed dramatically in 520 B. C. E. when new administrative techniques were introduced after the invasion of the * Persians 19. The rock and pillar edicts were issued by Ashoka 20. One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the ruler’s decision to * Debase the currency 21. Politically, the Guptas * Left local government and administration in the hands of their allies 22. The success and timing of trade, through the Indian Ocean basin, largely depended on * Understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds 23. One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was * The rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati 24. The greatest social contribution of the Jains was The fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste 25. When Krishna tells Arjuna, in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"Having regards to your own duty, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle,† he is referring to what Hindu principle? * Dharma 26. The political structure of the ancient Greeks * Usually considered of independent, autonomous city-states 27. The Greeks used the word polis to refer to the * The city-state 28. Athenian democracy was open to * All Athenian citizens 29. Events that occurred during the time of Pericles * Athenian democracy reached its high point Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis * Athenian expansion and arrogance helped spark the Peloponnesian War * Athens underwent a massive building program 30. Affects that came about because of Greek colonization * An increase in the size and diversity of trade * The spread of Greek language and cultural traditions * A quickening of the tempo of social life * Increased contact with other societies 31. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution * Incidence of disease increased * Widening gender differences * Rapid increase in human population * Increase in reliable food supply 32. In The Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be * Philosopher kings 33. The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was * Generous with potential for citizenship 34. The Roman policy of toleration and respect for conquered peoples was most similar to the * Persians 35. The land route of the silk roads ran from the Han capital of _____________ to the Mediterranean port of _____________. * Chang’an; Antioch 36. Latifundia were * Enormous plantations worked by slaves 37. After naming himself dictator in 46 B. C. E. Julius Caesar * Launched large-scale building projects in Rome Extended Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces * Appointed some Gauls to the Roman senate * Seized the land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans 38. The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as paxromana in which caused * Common coinage * Common language * Greco-Roman art * Stoicism 39. Foundations of Roman Law * The principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty * The notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court or law * The ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable 40. The information that Zhang Qian brought back encouraged Han Wudi to destroy the Xiongnu and lay out the foundations for the * Silk roads 41. The fact that by the first century C. E. southeast Asian kings called themselves rajas shows how they were influenced by the * Indians 42. By around the year 600 C. E. , the ravages of epidemic diseases had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations decrease by * At least a quarter 43. In the year 184 C. E. , peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the * Yellow Turban rebellion 44. With the collapse in political order after the fall of the Han Empire, * Daoism and Buddhism became much more popular 45. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts by * Dio Cletian 46. The social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Did not exist as they did in pervious times 47. After the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire, imperial authority survived for another thousand years in the * Byzantine Empire 48. Major effect of Bantu migrations * Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan AfricaUnit 3: Part I1. Agricultural production increased throughout medieval Europe mainly esult of a * A heavier plow * Water and wind powered mills 2. Arabic conquests of Mesopotamia and Persia influenced the women in the Islamic world by making * Society more patriarchal 3. Characteristics of the medieval period of Europe * Political order through feudalism * Economic order through manorialism * Religious order through Church * Expanded trade and education 4. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. to 1450 C. E. resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? * Technological and scientific concepts such as decimal and zero 5. Foot binding is probably the best example of * The increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society 6. During the Tang and Song periods, the imperial â€Å"examination system† * Expanded and filled posts based on intellectual ability and merit 7. When comparing northern and southern India during the postclassical era, it can be stated that * The south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did 8. The success of the Byzantine â€Å"theme system† was most dependent upon * Promoting rural agriculture with few imperial restrictions 9. Islam became very popular in India and within different segments of Hindu society because * It emphasized equality and it was less exclusionary than Hinduism 10. The term â€Å"samurai† describes men in feudal Japan who were most like these men in Europe * Knights 11. Gender relations up to 1000 C. E. * In some societies, women enjoyed more rights than in others 12. The impact of commercial trade during this period * Technology, crops and religious ideology spread from China in the east to Europe in the west while also connecting India, the Middle East and Africa’s Swahili coast 13. Constantinople Was constructed by Constantine * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid Empire in Persia * Was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube 14. The items Marco Polo encountered at Kublai Khan’s court and described to Europeans * Paper money * Food stocks – noodles * â€Å"Black stones† – coal * Gunpowder 15. Middle Eastern trade in the period between 1000 to 1400 * A unified Islamic Empire which eliminated tariffs and encouraged trade 16. Justinian’s most significant long-term accomplishment * He regulated and established a new uniform legal code for his empire 17. Comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000 – 1300 * Western Europe developed multiple monarchies while China maintained a single empire 18. After the fall of Rome, the only real institutions of learning in Western Europe were the * Christian monasteries 19. Hagia Sophia was * The magnificent church at Constantinople 20. Major public work that was first constructed by emperor Yangdi during the Sui Dynasty in China * The Grand Canal 21. A result of the Viking raids on Europe from the 8th to the 10th centuries was that * Europeans organized into feudalistic societies for protection 22. In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople * Mutually excommunicated each other 23. Charlemagne * He expanded the Frankish territory * He supported education and literacy * He instituted the missi dominci * He established his capital in Aachen 24. Guilds during the Late Medieval period Admitted women as members 25. Relationships between Islam and the influence it received from other cultures * India – mathematics & economics * Persia – literacy works & politics * Greece – philosophy & medicine * China – paper, cotton & silk 26. The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of * Mathematics 27. Major result of the Christian Crusades * Europeans were introduced to new technology, trade and cultural exchanges 28. Common feature of most Middle Eastern, Asian and European societies during the period of 1000 to 1450 * A close association with religion 29. The most striking difference between the Tang and the Song dynasties affecting their survival was * The differing ways they chose to deal with nomads on their frontiers 30. The two major sources of stability during the Medieval period of Europe * Feudalism and the Catholic church 31. In regard to political structure, postclassical India * Developed no single centralized imperial authority 32. An invasion in 451 C. E. , by the White Huns, began the collapse of the * Gupta dynasty 33. In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the * Umayyad dynasty 34. The most important new crop introduced to China during the Tang and Song periods was * Fast-ripening rice 35. The primary difference between Shiite Muslims and Sunni Muslims is a disagreement over * The leadership of the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death 36. The Indian ruler Harsha was known for * His Buddhist faith and his benevolent treatment of his subjects 37. Legacy of the Vikings during the medieval period * Feudalism * Exploration * Warfare * Shipping technology 38. The Abbasid Dynasty differed from the Umayyad Dynasty in that * It was not a conquering dynasty 39. The Delhi sultans were Never able to expand their control beyond northern India 40. The Crusades by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by * Efforts to unite religious power and retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Lands 41. An example of interaction among Indian, Arab and European societies by 1200 was the transfer of * Numerals and decimal system 42. The Tang planned to avoid the concentration of land by the wealthy by implementing the * New economic planning system 43. Zheng He was * The Chinese admiral who made seven journeys of exploration 44. Hindu temples Played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India 45. Major reason for the rapid expansion of Islam during the 7th & 8th centuries * The advanced military technology of the Islam forces 46. India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of * Its central locations in the Indian Ocean basin 47. Achievements of the Early Middle Ages * A restoration of political order through a feudal system * Some economic recovery because of agricultural advancement * The creation of an institutional framework for the Christian church based in Rome 48. The adoption of the Neo-Confucianism by the Ming dynasty during the 14th century was primarily motivated by the * Need for competent government administrators 49. The Byzantine Empire achieved * The conversion of many Slavic peoples to Christianity 50. Islamic & Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 – 1200 C. E. ) shared a characteristic of * Extensive urbanization & maritime trade 51. Most important effect of Islamic expansion on the civilizations of medieval Europe * The transmittal of Greek & Arab learning 52. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism both * Were outgrowths of other religions * Were aided in their spread by the trade networks * Developed monastic orders * Venerated people of high spiritual merit 53. In medieval society, political power was vested in * Local authorities 54. The most important relationship in feudalism was between * Lord and retainerUnit 3: Part 21. The largest empire of all time was created by the * Mongols 2. The Inca quipu was * A record keeping device consisting of small cords with knots 3. The political power of the khans was based on Indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes 4. In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan * Formed new military units with no tribal affiliations 5. Who made a famous pilgrimage to Meca in 1324 – 1325? * Mansa Musa 6. Khubilal Khan’s military and imperial pursuits * Had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan 7. Ethiopian Christianity * Retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs 8. The Mongols brought greater integration among Eurasian peoples by * Increased trade * Resettlement of conquered peoples Diplomatic missions 9. Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth century collapse of the * Yuan dynasty 10. The introduction of a new crop about 400 C. E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? * Bananas 11. The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was * Portugal 12. By the middle of the first millennium B. C. E. , the Bantu had begun to produce * Iron 13. The late fourteenth century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolla, was * Tamerlane 14. One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was * The domestication of the camel 15. By the tenth century C. E. , the kings of Ghana had converted to * Islam 16. Foundations of Mali’s power * Control over trans-Saharan trade * A strong cavalry * A series of powerful kings 17. During the period of Mongol domination, * Long-distance trade became much less risky 18. In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire * Had no elaborate bureaucracy 19. Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on * Indian Ocean trade 20. The Ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1200s * After the government issued paper money 21. Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa, * Slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth 22. Historians estimate that between 750 and 1500 C. E. , the number of slaves transported north as part of the trans-Saharan slave was * Ten million 23. In the five centuries after the year 1000 C. E. , the peoples of the eastern hemisphere * Traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before 24. By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European’s played dominant roles except * Australia 25. Khubilal Khan employed Marco Polo in administrative posts * Because he did not entirely trust his Chinese subjects 26. When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols in an alliance against the Muslims, * The khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed 27. Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because * His religious and legal training allowed him to serve as qadi 28. Product that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction * Silk 29. The North American Indian societies * Possessed no form of writing 30. Common results of a bubonic plague * A decline in trade * A decline in population * Peasant rebellions caused by efforts to freeze wages 31. The Yongle Encyclopedia * Represented the Ming rulers’ interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions 32. Central to the Renaissance thought beginning in northern Italy was * A fascination with the ancient world 33. Mali became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of * Its control of the gold trade 34. Humanist moral philosophers believed that * People could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world 35. Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population * Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism 36. In regard to exploration, Prince Henry was to Portugal what _________ was to China. * Wan Li 37. The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because * Of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion 38. The chinampa system refers to * The Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom 39. In regard to gender issues in sub-Saharan Africa, Women had more opportunities open to them than did their counterparts in other societies 40. Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by * A council made up of the most successful warriors 41. A Mexica woman who died in childbirth * Won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle 42. The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice * As an essential ritual to ensure the world’s survival 43. North American societies * Developed on a relatively small scale 44. In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies * Governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups 45. The Inca imposed order By taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes 46. Hallmark of Hongwu’s rule * The reestablishment of Confucian education * Extensive use of the civil service system * The reestablishment of the civil service system 47. The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines * Did not diffuse much beyond their own regions 48. During the early modern era, which of the following non-European peoples explored the Indian Ocean? * Chinese 49. In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was * A publicly recognized group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity 50. Main inspirations for European exploration * The desire to conquer China and India 51. The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries * Facilitated greater cross-cultural communication and integration 52. Reasons for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route * The spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous * The high prices charged by Muslim merchants * The demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger 53. The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when * The Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces 54. Chinese inventions * Sternpost rudder and magnetic compass 55. The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of * Pepper and cinnamon 56. The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to * Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties 57. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because * It was a small country with a small population 58. Advantages that the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese * They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships * They created joint-stock companies * They were wealthier countries 59. The Dutch policy in Indonesia was * To control the production of spices 60. The country that finished the Seven Years’ War with global hegemony was * England 61. In the long term, the Columbian exchange * Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops 62. From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of * Enslaved Africans