Guidelines For Students For Maintaining Mental Health

Guidelines For Students For Maintaining Mental Health If you still cannot find a solution†¦ How To Maintain Good Mental Health If You Are A Fresher? If you are a fresher, you have probably read many articles and watched videos on how great it could be to start a new chapter of your life. So you might already picture the life in the university. You leave your home maybe for the first time for a long time, pack your belongings, sit in the car and unpack them in your new home that will be your place of living for the next few years. You will meet a bunch of new people and maybe make new good friends. Anyway, you will be constantly surrounded by young people that are just like you in the new surroundings. Of course, there will be a lot of studying and discoveries. You will be free to arrange your time as you wish to paint it to education and fun as well. But there is also a possibility that you will not have the expected fun. The truth is that often the reality does not meet our expectations. Young students, instead of spending time on parties with friends, sometimes may isolate themselves from others and spending free time missing home. They also may suffer from the fact that the educational process is not as fascinating as they expected. We do not want to scare you with this article. Young people after leaving home and starting hard studying want to make these years full of discoveries, impressions, and memories. But the reality is that often it takes time to adjust to the new environment and find your place in the new place and circumstances. It may require a few months or more. Or the case may be the opposite. The start of your new life will be great and careless, but with November comes you may face a serious crisis connected with numerous tasks, strict deadlines etc. And this is the moment many students get shocked because of the drastic difference between the start and the actual educational process. But we want to reassure you that having problems on the starting stages of your university life is completely normal. And you are not the first who face this and you will be able to overcome everything as well. We have prepared some tips for you to help with this challenge. You are not alone! Many freshers suffer from the disappointing reality when they got surrounded by people and things that are not as funny and inspiring as they considered from the various sources of information. They have planned to enjoy the best years of their life but in fact, they do not have any pleasure at all. They may feel like being betrayed, especially when they see other students enjoy the same things. If you have found yourself in a similar situation, the first thing for you to keep in mind – you are not alone in your feelings. You are surrounded by various events and different people. So it is okay if someone’s attitude will differ from yours. You may be focused on people who genuinely enjoy their lives in the new environment, but there are also students who suffer from anxiety and experience the same emotional problems as you do. Such conditions may be caused by various aspects starting with relationships with your roommate and tuning your social life and ending with trying to keep up with curriculum and other educational challenges. The thing is there are many freshers who may feel lonely and left out so you are not alone in this struggle. It is a very big thing for young people to leave their homes and start living close to complete strangers without any support or communication they got used to in their hometown. This experience may have a completely unpredictable effect on the human mind. Sometimes students, who were not socially activities in their previous lives, change drastically. They estimate the new surroundings as the opportunity to create a new image and to reinvent their personality. So they even might turn into extroverts. But for students, who have had plenty of friends in their hometown and their reputation made people wanting to become friends and spend time together, building new relationships may be hard. They got used to attention and communication that have built for years. But in the new environment, they do not experience the required level of attention. They might feel lost realizing they need to start everything over. In the first weeks at university, you will meet plenty of new people, maybe more than you have ever met for such a short period of time. This might be one of the most socially intense periods of your life. Many students will agree with this statement. You need to realize that if your feelings of loneliness and disorientation start turning into more serious mental conditions without getting better, you need to look for help. But it is fine if you feel uncomfortable for a while during the adaptation time. This is a normal reaction to the discovery that some aspect of student life is more difficult in reality than you expected. Do not push yourself to have fun if you do not feel like a party. Constant pressure that you need to have fun and keep up with the educational process will lead only to the growing anxiety. Give yourself a break.   Look for support from your friend to feel more comfortable If you have friends from school or at least of the same age as yours, you may feel like calling them for support. But hearing they have so much fun in the new environment can make you feel even lonelier. However, they likely face similar difficulties with assimilating in the new university environment as well. But you can mistakenly assume that they are too busy to communicate with you. Eventually, you can lose touch with them as it is natural that you both will have to spend time on building new connections and overcoming new challenges. But if your friendship is strong enough, even without constant communication you can support each other in the troubles of university life. Do not hesitate to call them. Share your feelings with a close person. Ask them whether they have faced the same issues and how they have dealt with them. You may receive useful guidelines that will help you in your struggle. Also knowing that your friend also tries to overcome new environment challenges may help you to fight loneliness as you will have a person who understands you completely in your struggle. You may be afraid to admit that student times have started less colorful. But sharing your feelings with a close friend will help you to free your soul. If your friends are lucky enough to have a fascinating college life, you may visit them to seek for inspiration. This may give you positive energy to walk through hard times having a vision of the future. You will have more confidence that everything will be much better with time. This attitude will lower the pressure of the situation and you will definitely feel better. Take time There are many events in the university during the first weeks of the year that are aimed at providing freshers with an opportunity to get to know each other better and make new friends. This can be a great opportunity to expand your communication circle and find people with similar interests. Clubs and societies can serve a great deal as well. Do not hesitate to meet someone for coffee or drinks to have a conversation and maybe to start building a long-time friendship. Usually, freshers do not reject such invites as they also are interested in making new friends. But in case you do not feel comfortable with this way of assimilation, do not force yourself. Take it easy and do not expect to meet your future BFF on the first day of university. Take time and let events evolve naturally. University is a long road and you do not have to walk it all at ones. The first week may be difficult but with time you will notice that there are some people around you and they build connections with each other by having common tasks, interests, and places for going out. Some students may have plenty of â€Å"friends† but in fact, they will just have a selection of humans to spend time with. So you can choose to stay in your room and to refresh your mind, paying time for your favorite activities etc. You can also call your mum or close relative to share your thoughts and events of the day. Going to university you make the first step towards adult life and one of the greatest things about it is that you will be free from the peer pressure. You will be able to choose what to do, when and why as this is your life and only your choices matter to you. So you are free to decide whether to go out or not, make new friends or enjoy solitude etc. Do not force yourself to search for connections. The best way to socialize is when you want it and feel comfortable with this. You will find people you will be comfortable being around eventually, so there is no need to rush the events. University’s effect on mental health We should not underestimate the effect of the first week at the university on the mental help of the freshers. Often this is the time when their anxiety grows. So this is the reason to calm yourself if you feel anxious as you now know that almost everyone in your group has the same feelings. Usually, this type of anxiety does not last long and you will feel better with time. But if your bad condition will last longer and without any positive changes, this may lead to more serious problems like depression. Problems with mental health are very common and disturbing in US universities as well as in educational institutions all over the world. The anxiety may be caused by financial problems, curriculum pressure, worries about your future career and other factors that lead to mental crisis. According to some reports, 1 of 4 students suffers from mental issues during their studying at the university. Considering this data, there are high chances you will face some issues as well on this stage of your life. This is almost impossible to avoid any mental difficulties when you drastically change your living environment. If this is not about you, then someone you know may be in the group of risk. The main point of this passage is that when you notice there something happens with your mental condition after you start your education, you do not have to feel like you are crazy or something. On the contrary, you are the average student who has to overcome average difficulties. But you still need to monitor your conditions and check whether it is within regular parameters or you suffer for too long and need some professional help. How to tell the difference between a bad mood and depression? Mental health is an important thing and you need to monitor your conditions and seek help in case something in your brain make you worry. However, you need to understand that human emotions include sadness as well as the ability to express sadness as well as happiness is also a sign of your mental stability. You may have plenty of reasons to feel sad and this is a part of our life. We can miss our friends and family, be upset because of some failures or difficulties in studying or working. Feeling sad does not mean you suffer from depression. If you can find the definite reasons why you’re feeling sad, you are within a norm. But what is the depression then and how to detect this condition? In simple words, the professional psychologists explain this condition as a constant feeling of sadness without definite triggers or reasons. This is the main difference between a bad mood and depression. An article in Psychology Today we may find a wider explanation: Depression is an unusual condition, may also be considered as a mental illness that chronically affects a person’s emotions, thoughts, perceptions, and actions. Depression makes us feel sad whether have we a decent reason for that or not. This condition may appear even without any noticeable events or circumstances and the person does not always experience some serious losses or problems before depression as it often may appear without any obvious triggers. Objectively the life of the person with depression may be fine (and the patients even admit this), but bad feelings will haunt the anyway. If you notice that you constantly feel sad even if there are no obvious reasons for that and even if your life is fine in all aspects but you still cannot enjoy it – there are high chances you suffer from depression. You can use the checklist of symptoms of depression from Psychology Today to monitor your condition and minimize risks of digging deeper into your mental issues. If you have checked more than five symptoms from the list below, you may be in depression: most of the time you feel depressed and everything can irritate you; you lose interest in the activities that you liked or enjoyed before; you have noticed changes in your weight or appetite; you have difficulties with falling asleep or waking up and you sleep longer than it is required for the normal brain functioning; your actions are slowed down or you cannot rest for a long time; you feel tired and have a lack of energy most of the time; you constantly feel worthless and guilty; you have troubles with focusing on things, the lack of concentration, inability to create and make decisions; you often have thoughts about suicide or just do not want to live. If you found that this checklist applies to your condition, ask for professional help as soon as possible. Students usually neglect their mental conditions and do not ask for help. That is why there are a lot of self-harm and suicide cases among students. Where to seek for help For most students, it is hard even to admit that they suffer from serious mental condition and that they need professional help. But the next challenge is finding the place where they can find that help. Usually, it is more difficult to find a place where you can address your mental issues comparing to physical problems. So students, even if they have admitted they have problems, cannot identify the place they can go with their problems. That is why we have collected some options you may use in case you seek for help or some of your friends or mates does. University counselling services Usually, universities provide students with numerous services and counseling. They often hire qualifies counselors and psychologists to provide students with professional help or at least checking service. And this can be the place where you can get qualified advice considering your mental health. In some universities, such help can be provided by other students that can be even more effective as they have faced the same difficulties of assimilation a year or even less ago. This option allows students to feel more informal without visiting special offices whether they might feel like crazy. But the friendly peer conversation may be really helpful. You can check the university website and see what resources and services are provided for students. Personal tutor To make it easier to adjust to university life, most universities assign a personal tutor to each student. The level of the care they provide may vary depending on the educational institution, but anyway, this is one of the options for providing help for freshers. Sure thing, the significant part is played by the relationships you will have with your tutor. And if you are lucky to find a common tongue, you can share your feelings and worries in a friendly conversation, especially if you have any mental worries. Your tutor may help you directly or advise to talk to someone who will more likely help you. Your GP It is okay if you do not feel like sharing your worries, especially connected with mental illnesses, as you have changed your doctor after moving in. But if you suffer from serious problems and cannot cope with them on your own, you need professional help and the doctor is one of the most suitable people for providing it. Despite the fact that your GP is not specialized on mental issues, he or she will be able to define the service that will suit your need the most. They also may prescribe you some medications to ease your condition. This is the place where you can get a doctor’s note to justify your missing classes, exams etc. Online self-help In case you cannot make yourself talk to professional or other people, you can try to find a solution online. There are numerous websites and resources where you can share your concerns and discuss your mental problems. We refer now to the services like Student Minds, the NHSs Moodzone, and Students Against Depression. The Samaritans This is the place where you can find immediate help if you feel too depressed and you worry about your life. This is a 24-hour service that can be reachable anytime and any day. You can call there for free on 116 123 and find a person to talk to and discuss your worries in your head. You can rely on receiving a sincere help, advice and simple a shoulder to cry on. You can tell what you worry about the most and even find a solution to the most concerning issues. London Nightline This is another British service that is aimed at helping students with their issues. The service is available via the phone or live chat. They are available at night hours between 6 pm and 8 am, to close the gap when other services do not work. You can call there using 020 7631 0101 or text on 07717 989 900. Also, Skype, IM and email options are available. The contact info can be found on the website. Nightline has well-trained volunteers-counselors who want to help students and provide valuable advice to make it easier to overcome years of studying. They offer a sympathetic ear and a shoulder to cry on. You also can be sure that your communication will be strictly confidential. What about my classes? You need to realize that your health, both physical and mental. Are of the main priority and you need to put them in the first place anytime you feel seriously sick or depressed. Do not try to keep up with your educational plan ignoring your mental issue. You risk getting more serious conditions if not fix the current slight depression etc. Extensions to assignment deadlines If you feel anxious due to having many deadlines, you become less able to complete the task properly eventually. So you can make everything even worth by trying to keep up with deadlines even if you are mentally exhausted. So try to ask your tutor to extend your deadline to provide you with the opportunity to recover and have some rest (physical and emotional). A doctor’s note can help to prove that you do not fake your condition and you really need help. Usually, tutors and professors try to be sympathetic to students, especially the freshers so you can rely on their understanding. Apply to defer or retake exams If your mental condition makes it impossible to pass current exams or you are strongly sure that your bad results were caused by mental issues, you can request for deferral. If you really can explain why you ask for re-talking, you will likely be provided with this opportunity. Moreover, if you observe that you constantly perform badly on your exams even if you know the topic or subject, you need to check your general mental condition as this may be one of the signs of depression. Do not waste your time expecting that everything will be fixed somehow without any actions from your side. Make it possible to provide an explanation and proofs that your mental health affects your exam performance. After this, you will be allowed to retake the exam without any penalties. Do not take no for an answer Universities are obliged to pay attention to the mental conditions of their students. So if you face some unsympathetic attitude to your emotional problems, you can address to the students’ union and receive the proper help, assistance etc. If you still cannot find a solution†¦ Take some rest. Take a break and move back home for a while. Or you can travel to some other places to relax and change the environment. This is a great opportunity to revise your life plans and goals. Maybe you will find out that you do not want to dedicate yourself to the university to the extent you did before. Or you just took too much on your shoulders and a few months off may become a solution. The main statement of this article is that you should not be ashamed of mental conditions you may suffer from. You will show you strength if you will try to fix it.

6 To-Do List Styles to Get Your Life in Order

6 To-Do List Styles to Get Your Life in Order Do you find the idea of making a to-do list strangely daunting? If you’re one of those people who don’t naturally tend to the to-do list, you might need a little help or inspiration to get you started. Here are some of the best templates, options, and styles for you to try.The Old School ListGo the simple route and simply handwrite your list. If you get a random thought and aren’t near your computer, just jot it down! You can always add it to a more high-tech list later on. You might find this method less distracting when you’re in a working groove. If you have a hard time conceptualizing how to organize your list, there are tons of printable templates in .doc or PDF. Just print ‘em out and fill ‘em in!Bullet JournalingEverybody’s talking about Bullet journaling. Read up on this new technique, described as â€Å"a customizable and forgiving organization system†- an all-in-one â€Å"to-do list, sketchbook, notebook, and diary.â₠¬  It helps you keep your lists manageable in size and keep items from overwhelming you while making sure more of them actually get done. So go to the website and see whether or not the Kool-Aid is right for you!Breaking It DownSet yourself one big goal for the day, then break it into actionable chunks. The smaller tasks will feel more manageable than the larger goal, and you’ll find you chip away at them quickly. Once you build momentum, you’ll be surprised at how fast you knock out your ultimate goal and consider that day a success.Use Your CloudUse the cloud calendar function already on your laptop or your phone. They’ll merge effortlessly together so you can update from either device and have your to-do list with you at all times. And it can help you visualize how much time you have for each segment of your day. Try out the Google â€Å"Goals† feature along with this method for your long-term wish list of goals.Prioritize Your TasksCheck out Wunderli st, Todosit, or iDoneThis, or the thousands of apps like them, to sort your to-dos by priority level. You’ll also earn reward â€Å"points† for every task completed, which is just fun enough to make you feel really good about yourself. If you want a version with fewer bells and whistles, try Template.net which sorts your tasks into columns like â€Å"to do, to get, to call,† etc. Or TidyForms, which lets you schedule out two full days instead of one.Do It For CupcakesNo, honestly, that’s the name of the template. Design Eat Repeat created an adorable weekly organizing template called DO IT FOR THE CUPCAKES that lets you identify six goals per day. If you finish all your tasks in that week, you get cupcakes! Well, you’re strongly encouraged to get them.

The Negative Effects of the Grading System Essay

The Negative Effects of the Grading System - Essay Example While each individual has perceptions of what an A or a C or an F should mean with regard to student achievement, the reality is that these measures are often applied inconsistently and arbitrarily. Letter grades often become efforts to shoehorn subjective learning assessments into an objective measurement system that does not necessarily lend itself to being applied in that way. Further, such grades can be applied with relativism, such as in the context of a bell curve whereby students are given a grade that may not truly reflect their mastery of the subject matter, simply because of their juxtaposition to other students in the class. Ultimately, there are several potentially negative effects of the traditional letter grading scale that warrant a wholesale review of how student performance should be appropriately measured under various circumstances. To be sure, the traditional system may be the best system for some situations, namely where students are objectively tested and scored on the material. However, education is largely becoming a more complex, subjective and nuanced endeavor in a world that is rarely black and white. This paper will assess the appropriateness of the traditional letter grade system for measuring student success in various types of learning environments, and evaluate some of its alternatives. It will also discuss the potential negative consequences of applying the traditional objective letter grade system where it may not be appropriate to do so. The Meaning of Letter Grades A's and B's no longer mean what they used to, largely because they have become the predominant grade given. For example, a recent analysis of grades in Indiana public schools shows 75% of all grades given were either A's or B's, with only 10% being D's or F's (Stockman, 2007, para. 3). That leaves 15% of grades being C, which intuitively would be the median grade. Such an uneven grade distribution begs the question of whether grade inflation is at play, or whether the vast majority of students are really earning these high grades. According to Matthew Hartley, assistant professor of education at the University of Pennsylvania's Graduate School of Education, "It's important to remember that grade inflation is a shift in grades without a corresponding improvement in performance. . . If your institutions are becoming more competitive and selective, it may be that they are admitting better prepared students who are earning A's, which means there is no inflation" (para. 7). Largely due to this uncertainty about how well deserved a grade actually is, letter grades are becoming increasingly irrelevant as students move toward the transition from school to the workforce. As George Kuh of Indiana University asserts, "If you talk with business and industry leaders, they'll tell you grades don't matter . . . What you really want to know is if they're flexible, adaptable, can they work with other people" (para. 30). Thus, it seems a different, more subjective measurement of student performance may be in order if the goal is to help students succeed as working professionals. An approach that evaluates students on their ability to apply what is learned in a way that makes them functional contributors to society would likely be more valuable to

Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics (Week 4) Assignment

Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics (Week 4) - Assignment Example 8.) Figure 11.10 shows an undirected graph representing a section of a department store. The vertices indicate where cashiers are located; the edges denote unblocked aisles between cashiers. The department store wants to set up a security system where (plainclothes) guards are placed at certain cashier locations so that each cashier either has a guard at his or her location or is only one aisle away from a cashier who has a guard. What is the smallest number of guards needed? 15.) For the undirected graph in Fig. 11.12, find and solve a recurrence relation for the number of closed v-v walks of length n ≠¥ 1, if we allow such a walk, in this case, to contain or consist of one or more loops. 22.) For the graph in Fig. 11.37(b), what is the smallest number of bridges that must be removed so that the resulting subgraph has an Euler trail but not an Euler circuit? Which bridge(s) should we remove? You are an electrical engineer designing a new integrated circuit involving potentially millions of components. How would you use graph theory to organize how many layers your chip must have to handle all of the interconnections, for example? Which properties of graphs come into play in such a circumstance? If the likelihood of the edge (v1, v2) is 50%, then there are equal chances that that edge will not be a section of the edge set. Similarly, for all the pair of vertices we can say that there is equal probability of having or not having an edge between those two. So, if there are n vertices in the vertex set then there can be maximum n "single connected component" (in which no edge is there) of that graph or minimum one connected component in which all the vertices are connected to each

Creative Writing and High School Essay Example for Free

Creative Writing and High School Essay Creativity is Everything: You can Make Writing Fun by being Creative If someone was to come up to me and ask me what kind of writer I am, I’d say that I someone who enjoys making up fairy tales along with reading and watching movies about fairy tales. I am a writer who likes to use their imagination, this is due to the kinds of books that I use to read. I wanted to be the next Dr. Seuss. Growing up, my imagination is all I really had. My family had to move a lot because my dad always had to switch jobs. We’d move to different states every couple of months, sometimes we’d stay for a year or two. I never really had anything stable. I couldn’t participate in any sports or extra-curricular activities. There was one thing that I did have though, I had my imagination. With my imagination, I drew the weirdest pictures and wrote from the most magical to the most gruesome stories I could. I always had myself occupied with my stories. I was never bored when we were on the road, I’d be writing random ideas for stories in my spiral notebook if we were on the road and read books like there was no tomorrow. I made writing and reading fun for myself and I enjoyed doing it. My Timeline with Reading As with all children, they being with their parents reading bedtime stories to them. I loved being read to at night. My favorite bedtime books were several Dr. Seuss books like One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish and Green Eggs and Ham. As I got older I began to read poetry more than anything. My all time favorite author is Shel Silverstein; he is one of the most brilliant and talented poets. He has helped me improve in my reading, as well as my writing. Some of the books I could never put down was The Missing Piece, The Giving Tree, and Where the Sidewalk Ends. Throughout my elementary days to middle school and high school, I have read at least over one hundred books, written vigorious reports over the years and have changed my point of view towards reading and writing all together. 1984 by George Orwell did it for me, along with Lord of the Flies; I read these two books my senior year and they really made an impact on me. 1984 really freaked me out, it had me thinking, what if there really is a Big Brother in our world; Lord of the Flies made me realise that there are monsters in all of us, and only some of us are pure and innocent, like Simon was. Transforming from Doodle Writer to Competitive Writer In 2004, I was located in the Belleville/Canton area here in Michigan. I attended Henry Ford Elementary. My teacher’s name was Ms. Dixon. This wonderful woman was the one who really started to get me into writing a lot more . At Henry Ford, we had an annual fourth and fifth grade writing contest. No fourth grader ever wanted to enter it, but they still did to try to impress each other with their stories. Looking back, I felt skeptical about doing the writing contest. I had no idea what I should write about! I was having a writer’s block. No good ideas came to mind; I was stumped. A few students in my class chose to write about their pets or what they wanted to be when they grew up, but that just wasn’t my style. After a couple of days, something popped into my head. Halloween was around the corner shortly; I decided to try to come up with a nasty, disgusting story that formed around the Halloween theme. I started to brainstorm, then it hit me. The perfect idea for a story. It was gruesome, disturbing, creepy, and just nothing you’d think a fourth grader would write about. My very short, scary, story was about a two-headed baby who was found behind a dumpster on evening, the parents took the baby into their home. Come to find out the baby is a cold-blooded murder; one who slaughtered anything in its path (I told you that you wouldn’t think that a fourth grader would write about something like this). I ended up winning second place in the writing contest, that’s when my writing started to expand. Progressing throughout School with Writing and Reading As time went on, I was out of elementary school and into middle school. This was the time when book reports really made me not like writing. As much as I am a book reader over a writer, writing papers on books†¦ It was just wrong in my mind. I wrote book reports on Helen Keller, astronauts, Rosa Parks, the Holocaust, etc. I never really enjoyed the reports, they took the fun out of reading for me. Eighth grade came we started to write about who our heroes were; I wrote about my baby cousin that had died a year before. He was my rock. That was basically my main focus point for all my papers. After I left middle school, I started to attend the high school, Lincoln High School. This school has had me on a roller coaster since day one. We immediately began to read, How to Kill a Mockingbird, we had to analyze and write about the morals of the story. As time went on, I found out that I qualified for several AP English classes. Junior and senior year, I took AP British Literature, AP Issues in Fiction, and AP Creative Writing. The only class that I enjoyed going to was my creative writing class. In that class I was able to write about anything that I wanted. I wrote about fairy tales, I wrote a children’s book for the elementary kid, short stories, everything! I felt at home, comfortable with writing rather than I felt in my other two English classes. I am a creative writer, I write what comes out of my heart and mind. Everything I wrote just had an amazing flow, I never ever want to stop writing as long as I can make it fun for myself; and make it interesting for others to enjoy too! Where I am Today as a Reader and Writer I am in college now, so there is a lot that has changed. Im still a very creative writer, there isnt a class that Ive came across yet that I can take where I can express my creativity in writing. I am hoping that down the road Ill come across a class that is somewhat like my high school creative writing class. I still read regularly, I just finished the 50 Shades of Grey trilogy by E. L. James, and Ive got to say, I never thought that Id have so much interest in a book that has such a vulgar topic. I know deep down that I have room for improvement with my writing skills as well as my reading, and Im hoping to improve myself better throughout the next four years that Im going to be spending at Eastern.

The Extinction Event and Life in the Post-Apocalyptic Greenhouse :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Extinction Event and Life in the Post-Apocalyptic Greenhouse The biggest mass extinction of the past 600 million years (My), the end-Permian event (251 My ago), witnessed the loss of as much as 95% of all species on Earth. Key questions for biologists concern what combination of environmental changes could possibly have had such a devastating effect, the scale and pattern of species loss, and the nature of the recovery. New studies on dating the event, contemporary volcanic activity, and the anatomy of the environmental crisis have changed our perspectives dramatically in the past five years. Evidence on causation is equivocal, with support for either an asteroid impact or mass volcanism, but the latter seems most probable. The rest of this article spends time speculating through the advances in technology and the reanalyzation of old evidence to determine various cataclysmic events that happened millions of years ago. There are many sections in this article that discuss the methods used to determine the closet possible dates and the sequence in which they follow. There are also sections in this article which discuss methods used for the evidence of impact, eruption and how reading the environmental changes can help paleontologists determine conclusions and narrow the perspectives of paleontologists (scientists) and popular culture as a whole. However, there are still many factors in the evidence collecting process that make it difficult to determine the actual events, let alone the sequence of them. For instance, at the end of the Permian, giant volcanic eruptions occurred in Siberia, spewing out some 2 million km3 of basalt lava, and covering 1.6 million km2 of eastern Russia to a depth of 400-3000mteres, equivalent to the area of the European Community. Consequently, with increasingly precise dating, the Siberian â€Å"Trap† (areas which are composed of basalt, a dark-colored igneous rock which is generally not erupted explosively from classic conical volcanoes, but usually emerges more slowly from the long fissures in the ground) have switched from having only a minor role in the Permian crisis to being the most probable cause of the whole catastrophe. Some scientists have even suggested recently that the massive flood basalts were actually themselves caused by a giant extraterrestrial impact, which tore deep into the continental crust of that part of present-day Siberia. So this is yet another example the evolutionary and

Packaging and the Environment

Packaging and the Environment The growing of the packaging industry is one of the phenomena of the 20 first century. Most people would non oppugn the necessity of packaging in our civilization both domestically and globally. It is perfectly indispensable for the distribution of trade goods and peculiarly for the retail of nutrient and other perishable points. There has been an increasing consciousness and concern about packaging in that the theoretical account of â€Å"use one time and throw away† puts a big load on the environment. Plastic has been the focal point of the attending. Paper merchandises really rapidly go wet and contract and quickly biodegrade to go portion of the natural environment. Tin home base rusts quickly and glass bottles are broken. Plastics do none of these things. They retain their form, composing and visual aspect for a really long clip, and when it is considered that a one pint polythene bottle weighs less than one ten percent of the weight of a glass bottle, the ground for the hapless image of plastics boxing as a constituent of litter is evident. ( Scott, pg. 189 ) In the first topographic point, the cost of plastics has been increasing at a slower rate than that of paper, tin-plate and glass in recent old ages. Second, plastics have certain built-in proficient advantages over the traditional options. They are really much lighter than glass and metals. Unlike paper, they do non absorb H2O, and since wet opposition is indispensable in nutrient packaging both to incorporate the nutrient and to defy bacterial taint from outside the bundle they have an overpowering advantage over paper. This advantage, coupled with the escalating monetary value of wood mush for paper, has led to a steady replacing of paper. ( 190 ) The packaging industry is an recognized facet of modern society and reflects the manner in which personal goods and belongings are looked upon as progressively disposable. This sentiment is a common subject which runs through all facets of the environment. A civilization born and raised in metropolitan countries, is non linked to nature or the environment. Their nutrient comes in a can, bag, bottle, or plastic wrap. The waste goes into bins that are emptied on a hebdomadal footing. Out of sight out of head, and the one manner disposal theoretical account continues. Many communities are mandating recycling as a manner to coerce decreases in solid waste. As the recycling industry grows, boxing interior decorators will necessitate to take recycling concerns into history. Harmonizing to Dr. Susan Selke, a packaging professor at Michigan State University, planing reclaimable bundles will cut down the solid waste disposal burden â€Å" provided a recycling system is in topographic point and the bundles enter the system. † With the important growing in recycling across the United States, guaranting that bundles can be recycled expeditiously and economically is paramount. ( Stana pg.18 ) Industry is faced with doing bundles that fit modern American life styles bundles that offer convenience and easiness of usage for all people every bit good as protect the merchandises. Packagers are committed to equilibrating these economic and societal considerations with environmental issues to bring forth bundles that meet the usage and disposal demands of s ociety. ( pg.19 ) And therein lies the job. Boxing fills trash containers and landfills, enduring far longer than the merchandises it was made to incorporate. It consumes natural resources. And it can besides reassign chemicals into our nutrient, with unknown wellness consequence. ( Claudio, pg. A233 ) If environmental harm is inordinate from the waste of packaging, the best solution is to beef up environmental ordinances regulating the extraction and production of the natural stuffs needed to do the packaging. ( Dewees, pg. 458 ) There is besides what is called User-Pay policies. User-pay policies require families to pay for each bag or can of waste collected, typically one dollar per bag. Paying per unit provides inducements to minimise packaging purchased, to divide recyclables for aggregation, and to minimise waste volumes in general. User-pay policies have by and large been implemented in communities that already have a curbside reclaimable aggregation plan. Empirical surveies of the experience with such plans finds that waste aggregation is reduced by between 14 per centum and 47 per centum. ( pg. 462 ) The costs of curbside recycling plans vary well among legal powers and over clip. This suggests that policy should non oblige curbside recycling in all topographic points and at all times. Again, flexible policies that encourage recycling when its benefits are high and its costs are low would be efficient. ( pg. 467 ) Since packaging is on a planetary graduated table, it would be prudent to look at policy outside of the United States. The German Waste Disposal Law is non merely really luxuriant, but besides instead complicated. A huge sum of statute law has been enacted at national, regional and local degrees, and an huge volume of proficient regulations and ordinances have been introduced, all of which purpose to guarantee that waste disposal and the recycling of used objects are non damaging to the general public assistance. ( Weidemann, pg. 1135 ) Trade and industry are now called upon to â€Å" change by reversal the concatenation of idea † . Packaging should be re-usable, every bit lasting as possible and the stuffs used should be suited for recycling. The decisive instrument for the enforcement of this doctrine is the duty to take back packaging, which the Regulation imposes throughout trades and industries. Taking the Regulation as a theoretical account, the German Minister for the E nvironment plans to publish similar ordinances for farther merchandises. The undermentioned ordinances are in readying: Regulation for the Avoidance and Recycling of Waste from Printed Materials, Regulation for the Avoidance and Recycling of Waste from the Disposal of Vehicles ; Regulation to Guarantee the Introduction and Extension of Returnable Beverage Container Systems ; Regulation for the Avoidance, Reduction and Recycling of Waste from Used Electrical and Electronic Equipment, Regulation for the Disposal of Construction Materials ; Regulation for the Disposal of Boxing incorporating Residues of Noxious Filling Substances ; Regulation for the Disposal of Used Batteries. ( pg. 1137 ) The United States could afford to take a expression at such rigorous policies. There are besides biodegradable options to conventional plastics. Presently the costs of bioplastic polymers are still much higher than that of mainstream plastic opposite number nevertheless, the impacts of biodegradable bioplastics, when come ining the waste watercourse and handled by landfill, recycling, and incineration, enable a possible option for waste intervention through composting as a manner to retrieve the stuffs and to bring forth compost as a utile merchandise. ( Davies, pg. 2129 ) Unlike conventional petrochemical-based polymers, biodegradable and compostable bioplastic polymers can be composted. Making or naming a merchandise biodegradable has no built-in value if the merchandise, after usage by the client, does non stop up in a waste direction system that uses the biodegradability characteristic. ( pg. 2131 ) It is clear from research done that several biodegradable packaging stuffs can be processed in place composting systems and output compost stuffs suited for wor ks growing. This capableness will enable such stuffs to be disposed of in well-run place composting systems and consequence in waste recreation from municipal waste watercourse. ( pg. 2137 ) Bioplastic polymers have great possible to lend to material recovery, cut down the usage of landfills and usage of renewable resources. Widespread public consciousness of these stuffs and effectual substructure for rigorous control of enfranchisement, aggregation, separation and composting will be important to obtaining these benefits in full. ( pg. 2138 ) In sum-up, recycling is one scheme for end-of-life waste direction of plastic merchandises. It makes increasing sense economically every bit good as environmentally and recent tendencies demonstrate a significant addition in the rate of recovery and recycling of plastic wastes. These tendencies are likely to go on, but some important challenges still exist from both technological factors and from economic or societal behaviour issues associati ng to the aggregation of reclaimable wastes, and permutation for virgin stuff. Though developments at an international and national degree are driving a civilization alteration towards more sustainable direction of waste in concern, it is the enterprises being implemented at a local degree which are ensuing in the most direct impact. ( Hopewell, pg. 2124 ) It is the concern advantage to be gained from effectual waste direction which is possibly the strongest driving force of all. ( Cain, pg. 1430 ) With the coming of â€Å"green† consumerism, concern behaviour forms look set to alter, as over-packaged goods are boycotted and composting enjoys a resurgence. ( pg. 1435 ) Though developments at an international and national degree are driving a civilization alteration towards more sustainable direction of waste in concern, it is the enterprises being implemented at a local degree which are ensuing in the most direct impact. ( Hopewell, pg. 2124 ) Communities are progressively turning to local environmental establishments ( LEIs ) to turn to unmet environmental challenges. This impulse toward place-based solutions and the creative activity of LEIs is fueled by the desire to do environmental policy more antiphonal to local values and involvements and to travel off from â€Å" one-size-fits-all † environmental plans crafted by distant authorities bureaus. ( Konsiky, pg. 3 ) When it comes to packaging, local communities can instantly make up one's mind what is best for their localised environment. Normally this far exceeds the capacity of a authorities which has no cognition of the local environment or resources. In the 1960’s Sweden had tur ning environmental concern. At the clip different bureaus handled different facets of the environmental issue with really limited powers, since the power to make up one's mind on those affairs rested with the Cabinet or with the County Administration. Their resources were besides really limited. The Governmental Principal Proposal on the Environment of 1965 marked the beginning of a new, integrative stage in Swedish environmental policy. It was the beginning of an incorporate policy. What followed is considered the nidation stage. In 1967, an incorporate administrative organic structure was established. It covered the Fieldss of nature conservancy, H2O and air protection, out-of-door diversion and the protection of wildlife. ( Lundqvist, pg. 95 ) The tendency now is toward the establishing of an increasing figure of demands that make it necessary for fouling industries to take appropriate steps for the protection of the environment. The bureaucratism and the deficiency of communicat ing between bureaus has been cut to a bare minimal ensuing in more immediate action towards environmental concerns. The displacement of focal point demands to be less on packaging and more on policy. Policy is what will do alterations in packaging waste. Presently, political urgency of environmental reform may be weakening. Public support for environmental ordinance remains high, but environmental policy suffers from the ups and downs of the issue attending rhythm. This may merely be a job in a media-controlled society like the United States. But, at least at that place, it undermines the demand for consistent and uninterrupted attending to public policy issues that is indispensable for serious determination devising. ( Mandelker, pg. 108 ) Mandelker continues, the general populace supports environmental reform because it believes it will get away the load of conformity but participate in the distribution of benefits. In short, the public expects a free drive. This does non ever go on, and public support for environmental steps disappears when the true allotment of benefits and loads becomes evide nt. For illustration, in 1970 public resistance Clean Air Act arose when other costs which the Act imposed became evident. Congress was cognizant that effectual control of car pollution would necessitate alterations in transit wonts every bit good as bounds on car pollution. The public doesn’t want to be inconvenienced. They are excessively disconnected from the environment. We all want a clean environment because that is the right thing to make. When it comes down to taking an easy life style, or a clean environment, the populace will take the easy path. One ground is that they have non been educated about the environment and another, the reverberations from mismanaged resources have non affected their day-to-day lives. Any alteration must be extremist. Intervening at the borders is non plenty. What is needed most is to set an terminal to the destructive utilizations of symbolism in environmental political relations. This will non be easy. Political symbols provide a cutoff for mobilising support in a complex society where issue argument is hard, and public attending in the issue attending rhythm is brief. ( pg. 116 ) Public environmental instruction must get down in the schools. It should ramify to every country of life. Movies, media, and the amusement industry, must force environmental consciousness. It is non a short program, nevertheless in one coevals, it could alter the United States if non the universe. A coevals could be formed for zero acceptance of politicians that make determinations based on money alternatively of the good of the common people. There are excessively many illustrations of the calamity of the parks that have been the consequence of the corrupt or greedy few. John Ehrenfeld captures the current sentiment ; losing about wholly from the problem-oriented activities of today is a vision of a universe that is sustainable, even a definition of sustainability is losing. No admiration that we move frontward merely on occasion, alternatively floating largely sideways or backward. ( pg. 48 ) In our coevals, we exhibit a religion in instruction which is firm. In malice of grounds to the contrary, we believe that cognition leads to virtue and that truth will so bring forth goodness. ( Hurst, pg. 35 ) It is with this cognition that we can alter the destructive class we are heading. Get downing with kids, instruction of the environment and linking each one of them to it on a personal degree will guarantee regard for the environment subsequently. Ehrenfeld closes with a statement that wraps everything up ; as this happens, encoded elements of a sustainability paradigm will get down to replace the old cultural pillars. And as the structuration procedure works its evolutionary manner, the whole system should go more and more unfastened to sustainability, supplying fertile dirt for the visions of the interior decorators to take root. ( pg. 196 ) Plants Cited Scott, Gerald. â€Å"PACKAGING AND THE ‘THROW-AWAY ‘ SOCIETY† . Journal of the Royal Society of ArtsVol. 122, No. 5212 ( MARCH 1974 ) ( pp. 188-202 ) Stana, Edward J. Packaging and the Environment. Natural Resources & A ; Environment, Vol. 9, No. 2 ( Fall 1994 ) , pp. 16-19. Published by American Bar Association Luz Claudio. OUR Food: Packaging & A ; PUBLIC HEALTH. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 120, No. 6 ( JUNE 2012 ) , pp. A232-A237. Published by: Brogan & A ; Spouses Donald N. Dewees and Michael J. Hare. Economic Analysis of Packaging Waste Reduction. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 24, No. 4 ( Dec. , 1998 ) , pp. 453-470. Published by: University of Toronto Press Clemens Weidemann. GERMANY: Regulation ON THE AVOIDANCE OF PACKAGING WASTE. International Legal Materials, Vol. 31, No. 5 ( SEPTEMBER 1992 ) , pp. 1135-1144. Published by: American Society of International Law J. H. Song, R. J. Murphy, R. Narayan and G. B. H. Davies. Biodegradable and Compostable Alternatives to Conventional Plastics. Philosophic Minutess: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, No. 1526, Plastics, the Environment and Human Health ( Jul. 27, 2009 ) , pp. 2127-2139Published by: The Royal Society R. Aspinwall and J. Cain. The Changing Mindset in the Management of Waste. Philosophic Minutess: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 355, No. 1728, Clean Technology: The Idea and the Practice ( Jul. 15, 1997 ) , pp. 1425-1437 Published by: The Royal Society Jefferson Hopewell, Robert Dvorak and Edward Kosior. Plastics Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities. Philosophic Minutess: Biological Sciences, Vol. 364, No. 1526, Plastics, the Environment and Human Health ( Jul. 27, 2009 ) , pp. 2115-2126. Published by: The Royal Society Stephen M. Meyer and David M. Konisky. Adopting Local Environmental Institutions: Environmental Need and Economic Constraints. Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 1 ( Mar. , 2007 ) , pp. 3-16. Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. Lennart Lundqvist. Sweden ‘s Environmental Policy. Ambio, Vol. 1, No. 3 ( Jun. , 1972 ) , pp. 90-101. Published by: Springer Daniel R. Mandelker. Environmental Policy: The Following Generation. The Town Planning Review, Vol. 64, No. 2 ( Apr. , 1993 ) , pp. 107-117. Published by: Liverpool University Press Sam T. Hurst. Environment and Education: Past, Present, Future. Journal of Architectural Education ( 1947-1974 ) , Vol. 19, No. 3 ( Dec. , 1964 ) , pp. 35-37. Published by: Taylor & A ; Francis, Ltd. John R. Ehrenfeld. Sustainability by Design. A Insurgent Strategy for Transforming Our Consumer Culture. September 2008 Published by: Yale University Press

Packet Sniffing

Sniffing In short, packet sniffing is the method used to see all kinds of information as is passes over the network it is linked to, but how does a packet sniffer work? A packet sniffer is a piece of software or hardware capable of monitoring all network traffic. It is able to capture all incoming and outgoing traffic for example clear-text passwords, user names and other private or sensitive details. Packet sniffing is a form of wire-tap applied to computer networks instead of phone networks. It came into vogue with Ethernet, which is known as a â€Å"shared medium† network.This means that traffic on a segment passes by all hosts attached to that segment. Ethernet hardware contained a filter that prevented the host machine from actually seeing any other traffic than that belonging to the host. Sniffing programs turn off the filter, and thus see everyones traffic. In the scheme of things, a computer usually only examines a packet of data that corresponds to the computerâ€℠¢s address but with a packet sniffer you are able to set the network interface to ‘promiscuous mode’. In this case it examines ALL available information passing through it.As the data passes through the system it is copied and stored in memory or on a hard drive. The copies are then able to be studied and the information analyzed. The captured information is decoded from raw digital form into a  human-readable  format that permits users of the protocol analyzer to easily review the exchanged information As soon as you connect to the internet, you ‘sign on’ to a network that is under the watch of your ISP. This network can communicate with other networks and in short forms the basis of the internet.If a packet sniffer is located at a server owned by your ISP, it has the potential to gain access to: * The web sites visited. * What is searched for on the site. * Your e-mail recipients. * The contents of your mail. * Any files you download. * A list of your audio, video and telephony options. * A list of visitors to your website. Switched vs. Non-Switched In a non-switched network environment packet sniffing is an easy thing to do. This is because network traffic is sent to a hub which broadcasts it to everyone. Switched networks are completely different in the way they operate.Switches work by sending traffic to the destination host only. This happens because switches have CAM tables. These tables store information like MAC addresses, switch ports, and VLAN information [1]. Before sending traffic from one host to another on the same local area network, the host ARP cache is first checked. The ARP cache is a table that stores both Layer 2 (MAC) addresses and Layer 3 (IP) addresses of hosts on the local network. If the destination host isn’t in the ARP cache, the source host sends a broadcast ARP request looking for the host. When the host replies,the traffic can be sent to it.The traffic goes from the source host to the switch, and then directly to the destination host. This description shows that traffic isn’t broadcast out to every host, but only to the destination host, therefore it’s harder to sniff traffic. Passive Vs. Active Sniffing Sniffers are a powerful piece of software. They have the capability to place the hosting system’s network card into promiscuous mode. A network card in promiscuous mode can receive all the data it can see, not just packets addressed to it. Passive Sniffing If you are on a hub, a lot of traffic can potentially be affected.Hubs see all the traffic in that particular collision domain. Sniffing performed on a hub is known as passive sniffing. Passive sniffing is performed when the user is on a hub. Because the user is on a hub, all traffic is sent to all ports. All the attacker must do is to start the sniffer and just wait for someone on the same collision domain to start sending or receiving data. Collision domain is a logical area of the network in wh ich one or more data packets can collide with each other. Passive sniffing worked well during the days that hubs were used.The problem is that there are few of these devices left. Most modern networks use switches. That is where active sniffing comes in. Active Sniffing When sniffing is performed on a switched network, it is known as active sniffing. Active sniffing relies on injecting packets into the network that causes traffic. Active sniffing is required to bypass the segmentation that switches provided. Switches maintain their own ARP cache in a special type of memory known as Content Addressable Memory (CAM), keeping track of which host is connected to which port.Sniffers operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model. This means that they do not have to play by the same rules as applications and services that reside further up the stack. Sniffers can grab whatever they see on the wire and record it for later review. They allow the user to see all the data contained in the pa cket, even information that should remain hidden. The terms active and passive sniffing has also been used to describe  wireless network sniffing. They have analogous meaning. Passive wireless sniffing involves sending no packets, and monitoring the packets send by the others.Active sniffing involves sending out multiple network probes to identify APs. How Does a Packet Sniffer Work? A packet sniffer works by viewing every packet sent in the network. This includes packets not intended for itself. How does it do this? Three types of sniffing methods are used. Methods may work in non-switched networks or in switched networks. These methods are: IP-based sniffing I. P -based sniffing works by putting the network card into promiscuous mode and sniffing all packets matching the IP address filter and is the original type of packet sniffing.The IP address filtering isn’t switched on so the sniffing program is able to capture all the packets. This method will only function in non-s witched networks. MAC-based sniffing MAC-based sniffing works by putting the network card into promiscuous mode and sniffing all packets that match the MAC address filter. ARP-based sniffing ————————————————- ARP-based sniffing doesn’t put the network card into promiscuous mode because ARP packets are sent to its administrators. This is because the ARP protocol is stateless.This means that sniffing can be done on a switched network. Once a hacker has found possible networks to attack, one of their first tasks is to identify the target. Many organizations are nice enough to include their names or addresses in the network name. The Sniffer program works by asking a computer, specifically its Network Interface Card (NIC), to stop ignoring all the traffic headed to other computers and pay attention to them. It does this by placing the NIC in a state known as promiscuous mode.Once a NIC is promiscuous mode, a machine can see all the data transmitted on its segment. The program then begins to constantly read all information entering the PC through the network card. Data traveling along the network comes as frames, or packets, bursts of bits formatted to specific protocols. Because of this strict formatting, the sniffer peels away the layers of encapsulation and decodes the relevant information stored in the packet sent, including the identity of the source computer, that of the targeted computer, and every piece of information exchanged between the two computer.Even if the network administrator has configured his equipment in such a way as to hide information, there are tools available that can determine this information. Utilizing any well known network sniffing tools, an attacker can easily monitor the unencrypted networks. Modes: On wired broadcast and wireless LANs, to capture traffic other than  unicast  traffic sent to the machine running the sniffer software,  multicast  traffic sent to a multicast group to which that machine is listening, and  broadcast  traffic, the  network adapter  being used to apture the traffic must be put into  promiscuous mode; some sniffers support this, others don't. On wireless LANs, even if the adapter is in promiscuous mode, packets not for the  service set  for which the adapter is configured will usually be ignored. To see those packets, the adapter must be in  monitor mode. Who Uses a Packet Sniffer? Packet sniffers are often used by ISP’s as a diagnostic tool for their back-up systems, so it is in fact a well-utilized form of technology. Packet sniffing is also sometimes used to investigate the habits and actions of criminals, for example in the FBI’s Carnivore System.As I am sure you will appreciate from the above, packet sniffers can be a useful, relatively harmless tool or a potentially dangerous invasion of privacy. Packet sniffers are a perfec t example of how technology may be used to help or to harm. USES: The versatility of packet sniffers means they can be used to: * Analyze network problems * Detect  network intrusion  attempts * Detect network misuse by internal and external users * Documenting regulatory compliance through logging all perimeter and endpoint traffic * Gain information for effecting a network intrusion * Isolate exploited systems * Monitor WAN bandwidth utilization Monitor network usage (including internal and external users and systems) * Monitor data-in-motion * Monitor WAN and endpoint security status * Gather and report network statistics * Filter suspect content from network traffic * Serve as primary data source for day-to-day network monitoring and management * Spy on other network users and collect sensitive information such as passwords (depending on any content  encryption  methods which may be in use) * Reverse engineer  proprietary protocols  used over the network * Debug clie nt/server communications * Debug network protocol implementations Verify adds, moves and changes * Verify internal control system effectiveness (firewalls, access control, Web filter, Spam filter, proxy) DEFENSE Detection Protection Conclusion Having looked at what they are, why they work and how they are used, it is easy to view sniffers as both dangerous threats and powerful tools. Every user should understand they are vulnerable to these types of attacks and their best defense lies in encryption. Administrators and professionals need to know that these programs are superb diagnostic utilities that can, unfortunately, be used with malicious intent on any network.

Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver Essay Example

Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver Paper Compare the female characters in DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Thomas Hardys Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver Paper Essay Topic: Literature Short Fiction of Dh Lawrence Both DH Lawrences Tickets, Please and Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver deal with relationships between men and women and the rejection of women by men. At the beginning of Tickets, Please, Annie is peremptory and one of the fearless young hussies that controls the tramcars. At the end after Annie and John Thomas roller coaster-like relationship, it is clear that something has broken in her. Annie tried very hard to keep John Thomas at arms length, which is emphasised by its repetition, whereas, in Tony Kytes, the women are almost desperate to marry Tony Kytes. But in the end, after Hannah Jolliver had refused Tony Kytes, Unity Sallet will not take Hannahs leavings and walks away but looks back to see if Tony is following her. In the end, Tony ends up with Milly, after-all as she doesnt believe that Tony didnt really mean what he had said to them. In Tickets, Please, the women cope with their rejection by attacking him, and in Tony Kytes the women cope with rejection by secretly wishing to marry him. In Tony Kytes, the man gets the girl at the end, but the man in Tickets, Please gets nothing. Throughout history, the relationship between men and women has changed significantly due to the social and historical climate. In the Victorian era, women were treated as objects that were owned by the young suitors that were found for them. Their main aim in life was to find a young man and settle down. As time progressed and the First World War began, men had to leave to fight a common enemy. This meant that women had acquired a new role as they started to work in factories, in the jobs the men had left behind. This set a new agenda for women as they took back control of their lives. This means that although the stories deal with the same subject, the time difference sets them apart. This fact also alters the way the women in the stories act. Annie, from Tickets, Please stays sharp all the way through the story, even when rejected by John Thomas. The women in Tony Kytes, on the other hand, are more concerned with looking for a husband, and so they are more willing to forgive Tonys deceit. In the opening paragraph of Tickets, Please, DH Lawrence describes a single-line tramway system that boldly makes its way through the black industrial countryside up hill and down dale hrough the long, ugly villages of the Midlands. Repetition of ugly and again conveys just how boring dull and ugly the countryside is and how tedious the journey becomes. The way that DH Lawrence opens the story is effective. He describes the journey of the rickety, old tram that plunges itself into darkness as it races through stark, grimy, cold little market places. It conveys metaphorically the roller coaster-like relationship that Annie has with the slithering snail, John Thomas. The short phrases in the first sentence linked with commas, also gives the impression of a dangerous tram journey. The train speeds through the Midlands and the speed is conveyed by the use of word like up and down, high, tilting, rush, down and up again. We feel as if we are travelling by tram as it gathers momentum before reaching a climax. The reader is held on tenterhooks at a precipitous drop. Lawrence uses personification to describe the tram, city-cars and the gloomy Midlands. The tram is described as reckless, breathless and as patient suggesting that something is wrong with it. It also referred to as bold. He uses alliteration in pause and purr as the tram observes with curious satisfaction. This animal imagery, suggests that the tramcar is cat-like. The movement in the first sentence suggests the darting and movements of a cat. The city cars are great crimson and cream coloured, which makes the tramcar feel somewhat abashed, but it is still perky, jaunty and daredevil like Annie. The simile green as a jaunty sprig of parsley out of a black colliery garden acts as a medium to draw contrast between the colourful reckless tram and its bleak surroundings. The opening paragraph in Tickets, Please prepares the reader for Annies character by metaphorically comparing the trams journey to her brave and courageous nature. This prepares us for Annies entrance because Annie and the tram display the bold and reckless spirit. Verbs like plunges, tilting prepare the reader for Annies reckless, breathless adventure with John Thomas. The most important adjective that links Annie and the tram is bold, because it suggests the danger involved in the tram journey and the danger in Annies relationship with John Thomas. Animal imagery is used when Annie is introduced. Words like wild, alive little creature and swift depict Annies quick nature. In Tony Kytes the surroundings are very different from Tickets, Please. It is set in Dorset countryside in the 1890s and portrays an idyllic picture of fields and carts, whereas in Tickets, Please the industrial countryside sets the tone for a bleak landscape. In Tony Kytes there is very little description but from the tone and mood of the characters conversation it can be constructed as warm and bright where everyone is jolly. Both John Thomas and Tony Kytes are popular with the ladies and have had many different partners. Tony Kytes has a weak character, as he is indecisive on who to marry, whereas, John Thomas, a fine cock-of-the-walk, is in complete control of the relationships he has. Tony Kytes is very serious looking and unsmiling young man. He had many scars from Smallpox on his face, which gave him a rugged yet handsome appearance. He was the womens favourite and he loved em in shoals. On the other hand, John Thomas is very good looking with an impudent smile which draws the ladies to him. In Tickets, Please John Thomas is portrayed as a confident dominant character who is always in charge of the relationship whereas Tony Kytes also controls the women who are eager to please him. They hide in the cart when told to do so. John Thomas does not want a serious relationship while Tony Kytes is ready for commitment. Unlike John Thomas who resented women who took an intelligent interest in him, Tony Kytes is not intentionally deceptive as he lies to them in order to save their feelings. In the opening paragraph of Tickets, Please, DH Lawrence prepares the reader for Annies character by describing the tramcars that are driven by men unfit for active service: cripples and hunchbacks. As a result of the war there was gender balance as men and women were companions in peril. The strong hussies were a contrast to the delicate young men. The semantic field of animals is used in describing the fearless young hussies that pounce on youths who try to evade their ticket-machine. Annie is peremptory and suspicious; she guards her Thermopylae with her heart of stone. In contrast, her vulnerability shown by her wild romance which beats in her sturdy bosom. She is something of a Tartar and has kept John Thomas at arms length with her sharp tongue for many months. Annie and John Thomas are companions in peril, brief equality brought about by the war. As the men were away at war, all the jobs that were previously done by men had to be done by women. This brought on a very good feeling between the girls and drivers. On the other hand, Milly Richards in Tony Kytes is a nice, light, tender, little thing. She epitomises the ideal, weak, submissive Victorian woman. Unity Sallet is a handsome girl who Tony had been very tender toward before he had been engaged to Milly. Unity like Annie is blunt and forward and flirts with Tony, she repeats his name in a tender chide to flatter him. Unity takes control of him by asking him by asking him if she is prettier than she? When Tony speaks to Milly, she repeats you, which emphasises that Tony had requested her presence; she suggests that she had been keeping a promise like any reliable person would do. Milly fits in with the Victorian view of women in that she is subservient. She expects men to make decisions and makes little complaint about Tonys flirtation with Unity and Hannah but her grief at Tonys deceit is shown when she lets out a long moan. It is significant that she is metaphorically compared to a mouse when she emits an angry, spiteful squeak. Milly unlike Annie is weak. She respects his name to make him feel big and important. She greets him with My dear Tony, which shows that she feels graced by his presence. Certainly dearest Tony, she emphasises agreeing to all his suggestions and comments. This shows that Milly is humbled to do whatever Tony wants her to do. For Annie, John Thomas represents power, danger and excitement, like the fairground rides, but like the rides, he is an artificial wartime substitute- showy on the outside but lacking substance. Lawrence warns the reader that their relationship is doomed as he has been involved in scandal. He is always walking ou t with new girls who quit the service frequently when he leaves them. The reader gets the impression that Annie will get the same treatment. Lawrence writes that there was a sad decline in brilliance and luxury; the coconut shies were artificial wartime substitutes which is a warning of the decline and artificial nature of the couples relationship. Nouns like Dragons and the adjective grim-toothed suggest the excitement and fascination John Thomas has for Annie. The electrical metaphor shows the power and force pulling them apart and like electricity, which is quick like their relationship. The dark, damp and drizzly fields show that their relationship is dark and dying which is emphasised by the alliteration. The repetition of after-all suggests that Annie is making excuses for being with John Thomas. She is attracted to him having held him at arms length in the past knowing his character. D H Lawrence repeats after-all to emphasise the fact that deep down Annie knows that she should not succumb to John Thomas and show her struggle with feeling. Her helplessness and vulnerability is highlighted as she makes justifications for her behaviour. In Millys relationship with Tony Kytes, neither is in control, others make their decisions for them. Tony Kytes father wants him to marry Milly, so he initially he decides against her, then Hannah and Unitys rejection pushes Tony Kytes into marriage with Milly. Milly is a traditional Victorian girl, which means that she is very loyal and will do whatever Tony wants her to because she reflects values of the Victorian era. At the end of the story, Tony loses control of the cart, which is a metaphor for him, losing control of the three women he was controlling earlier. Annie believes that she can control John Thomas as she prided herself that he could not leave her. The possessive female was aroused in Annie and she wanted to take an intelligent interest in him. John Thomas is in control and so he left her. The short sentence conveys the finality and brutality of the break-up. She is startled, staggered and uncertain and feels fury, indignation, desolation, misery and a spasm of despair, while John Thomas is like an animal, enjoying pastures new. She missed the warm glow she felt inside whenever she was near him. She exacts revenge because he steps on her car impudently, letting her see by the moment of his that the had gone away to somebody else. D H Lawrence uses the repetition of then to show the stages in Annies grief. It breaks down the paragraph like punctuation and it gives her emotions and reactions a monotonous feel. It gives you the impression that Annie has gone through various stages in her feelings almost like a tidal wave. Annie exacts her revenge on John Thomas by organising the other girls to attack John Thomas. Annies movement is metaphorically described as a cat. The girls are in control, but see their action as fun whereas John Thomas sees red and he butted through the girls and wrenched at the door. He is violent but also afraid. The girls brutality and savagery is conveyed as they act like animals, wild creatures. They rain blows in a wild frenzy and mad terror and strike him with wild blows. John Thomas is at the mercy of the captor and is like a defeated animal while the girls metaphorically gain control. The animal imagery vividly conveys the womens anger, pain and frustration. Lawrence writes outside was the darkness and lawlessness of wartime which is comparing the cosy interior of the waiting room to the lawlessness of the womens behaviour. It is an ironic metaphor to trick the reader into thinking it is pleasant in the room until the violence breaks out. In Tony Kytes, Hardy does not concentrate unlike Lawrence. John Thomas gives into pressure and chooses Annie but with malice. She refuses to have him but with bitter hopelessness as if she would have liked to have had him under different circumstances. But in the end nobody wants him. In Tony Kytes, Tony gives into pressure when they talk to him on the cart. Both Unity and Hannah flirt with him and put him under pressure to choose one of them instead of Milly. He persuades then to get under the tarpaulin by saying hell reconsider his decision to marry Milly, Ill put a loving question to you instead of Milly. The anger of the girls is directed at each other because they are jealous of Tonys interest in each other. Tony gives in to pressure from the girls but seems content to have Milly in the end, although she is not his original choice. Tickets, Please is written in the third person. It is objective and formal and it creates distance between the writer and the reader. It evokes the seriousness of the tale and sets a dark scene starting with a long descriptive opening paragraph. The reader feels as if something bad might happen to Annie after keeping John Thomas at arms length when she finally gives in to him. It contains a serious message about relationships and what men and women are capable of doing to each other. In Tony Kytes there is little description: it is told in the first person narrative, as a fictional character reminisces about events in the story. Its written in an informal style as much of the tale unfolds through dialogue. The characters are humorous and their actions are more like something you might read in a fairy tale. The introduction is conversational and informal which suggests the light-hearted nature of the story. The narrator does not place a lot of emphasis on the tale. He is slightly scornful of the women and their ridiculous behaviour. The landscape in Tickets, Please hints at different traits of the characters and is symbolic of Annie and John Thomas relationship. Tony Kytes is timid and meek, with his idyllic and romanticised notions. The title Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver is ironic because hes not really an arch-deceiver. Hes just weak and pathetic which is shown in his indecisive behaviour. It mocks Tony because his deceit finally rebounds on him. The title Tickets, Please refers to the girls job on the tramcars, but also suggests that the story is about them. Both stories are written by men, which makes the women portrayed to be the mens ideal. It is significant that at the end of the stories the women want the men in spite of their treatment, which suggests that ultimately the men are the winners. In Tony Kytes, the girls seem frivolous, they dont seem like real people with emotions, unlike Tickets, Please, where the girls emotions seem real, like many women, Annie prided herself that he could not leave her. Words of the period have been used but the writers to make the stories feel more authentic. The dialect used is relative to both stories in the way it is written. Words such as twas, ee and baddish are used to give flavour of the period and reflect the West Country mode of speech. In Tickets, Please the words like hussies and lasses suggests the working class environment of the countryside. Lawrence gives the impression that women are on the same as footing as men. They are capable of deciding what they want and how they get it, even if in the end theyre dissatisfied at the outcome. Hardy gives the impression that women want to get married and that marriage is not about love, but about whom the man would like to marry. In conclusion, human nature is very powerful and the plots make the reader reflect on the human experience.

The Function of the Federal Reserve System in the US Economy

The Function of the Federal Reserve System in the US Economy When countries issue currency, especially fiat currency that is not specifically backed by any commodity, it is necessary to have a central bank whose job it is to monitor and regulate the supply, distribution, and transacting of currency. In the United States, the central bank is called the Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve currently consists of the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C., and twelve regional Federal Reserve banks located in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Kansas City, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, Richmond, San Francisco, and St. Louis. Created in 1913, the history of the Federal Reserve represents the federal government’s   ongoing effort to achieve the goals of any central banking system - ensure a secure American financial system by maintaining a stable currency backed by the benefits of high employment and minimal inflation.   Brief History of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act. In crafting the landmark legislation, Congress was responding to a series of economic panics, bank failures, and credit scarcity that had plagued the nation for decades. When President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law on December 23, 1913, it stood as a classic example of an all-too-rare politically bipartisan compromise balancing the need for a consistently regulated centralized national banking system with the competing interests of established private banks backed by a strong â€Å"will of the people† populist sentiment. Over the more than 100 years since its creation, responding to economic disasters, such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s, have required the Federal Reserve to expand its roles and responsibilities. The Federal Reserve and the Great Depression As U.S. Representative Carter Glass had warned, years of speculative investments led to the disastrous â€Å"Black Thursday† stock market crash of October 29, 1929. By 1933, the resulting Great Depression had resulted in the failure of nearly 10,000 banks, leading newly inaugurated President Franklin D. Roosevelt to declare a banking holiday. Many people blamed the crash on the Federal Reserve’s failure to stop the speculative lending practices quickly enough and for its lack of an in-depth understanding of monetary economics necessary to implement regulations that might have lessened the devastating poverty resulting from the Great Depression.  Ã‚   In response to the Great Depression, Congress passed the Banking Act of 1933, better known as the Glass-Steagall Act. The Act separated commercial from investment banking and required collateral in the form of government securities for Federal Reserve notes. In addition, Glass-Steagall required the Federal Reserve to examine and certify all banking and financial holding companies. In a final financial reform, President Roosevelt effectively ended the long-standing practice of backing U.S. currency by physical precious metals by recalling all gold and paper silver certificates, effectively ending the gold standard. Over the years since the Great Depression, the duties of the Federal Reserve expanded significantly. Today, its responsibilities include supervising and regulating banks, maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions. How Does the Federal Reserve System Work? The Federal Reserve system is overseen by a seven-member board of governors, with one member of this committee chosen as the chairman (commonly known as the Chairman of the Fed). The president of the United States is responsible for appointing Fed chairmen to four-year terms (with confirmation from the Senate), and the current Fed chair is Janet Yellen. (The regular members of the board of governors serve fourteen-year terms.) The presidents of the regional banks are appointed by each individual branchs board of directors. The Federal Reserve system serves a number of functions, which generally fall into a couple of categories: first, it is the Feds job to ensure that the banking system stays responsible and solvent. While this does sometimes mean that the Fed has to work with the three branches of government to think about explicit legislation and regulation, it more often means that the Fed works in a transactional sense to clear checks and to act as a lender to banks that want to borrow money themselves. (The Fed does this mainly to keep the system stable and is referred to as the lender of last resort, since the process is not really encouraged.) The other function of the Federal Reserve system is to control the money supply. The Federal Reserve can control the amount of money (highly liquid assets such as currency and checking deposits) in a number of ways. The most common way is to increase and decrease the amount of money in the economy via open-market operations. Open-Market Operations Open-market operations simply refer to the process of the Federal Reserve buying and selling U.S. government bonds. When the Federal Reserve wants to increase the money supply, it simply purchases government bonds from the public. This works to increase the money supply because, as the buyer of the bonds, the Federal Reserve is giving out dollars to the public. The Federal Reserve also keeps government bonds in its portfolio and sells them when it wants to decrease the money supply. Selling decreases the money supply because the buyers of the bonds give currency to the Federal Reserve, which takes that cash out of the hands of the public. There are two important things to note about open-market operations: first, the Fed itself isnt directly responsible for printing money. Printing money is handled by the Treasury, and there are multiple channels by which the money gets into circulation. (Sometimes, for example, the new money just replaces worn-out currency.) Second, the Federal Reserve doesnt actually create or issue the government bonds, it just handles them in secondary markets. (Technically, open-market operations could be conducted with a number of different assets, but it makes sense for the government to manipulate the supply and demand of an asset that was issued by the government itself.) Other Monetary Policy Tools Although not used nearly as frequently as open-market operations, there are other tools that the Federal Reserve can use to change the amount of money in the economy. One option is to change the reserve requirement for banks. Banks create money in an economy when they loan out customers deposits (since both the deposit and the loan count as money), and the reserve requirement is the percentage of deposits that banks have to keep on hand rather than lending out. An increase in the reserve requirement, therefore, restricts the amount that banks can lend out and thus reduces the money supply. Conversely, a decrease in the reserve requirement increases the number of loans that banks can make and increases the money supply. (This, of course, assumes that banks want to lend more when they are allowed to do so.) The Federal Reserve can also change the money supply by changing the interest rate that it charges banks when it acts as the lender of last resort. The process by which banks borrow from the Federal Reserve is called the discount window, and the interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges is called the discount rate. When the discount rate is increased, it is more expensive for banks to borrow in order to cover their reserve requirements. Therefore, a higher discount rate causes banks to be more careful about reserves and make fewer loans, which reduces the money supply. On the other hand, lowering the discount rate makes it cheaper for banks to rely on borrowing from the Federal Reserve and increases the number of loans they are willing to make, thus increasing the money supply. Decisions regarding monetary policy are handled by the Federal Open Market Committee, which meets approximately every six weeks in Washington in order to discuss changing the money supply and other economic issues. Updated by Robert Longley

Business Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Analysis - Essay Example The cash flow for a particular period reflects the flow of cash in future for that period. But due to a loss in the time value of money, the present value of the cash flow is actually less than the actual value. To have a realistic view of the cash flows the actual values need to be converted into what are called as the Present Values. The factor by which the actual value is multiplied to calculate the present value is called the Discount Factor. Discount factor lies between 0 and 1. It is determined by the rate of return on capital during a given period and can be calculated using compounding (Johnson, Derek). Using the net present value approach, it can be found out that the net cash flows are positive in all quarters and the initial investment is also recovered within a quarter. The Net present value is hence positive and comes out as  £5,030,687. The NPV (Net Present value) calculations can be done using an excel spread sheet. An extract of the same is shown in Figure 2.1. Thus, it can be concluded from this that, the boutique must go with the development plan. There are several key factors that can affect the cash flows. One of them is the Build-up factor. If the build-up factor becomes negative i.e. there is a decrease in income in the following quarters due to some reason, the NPV decreases. The NPV turns negative at -57% build-up factor for each quarter as shown in Figure 3.1. This is where the decision gets reversed. This could happen in case of adverse external circumstances. The second factor which can affect cash flow is Cost of Sales. If due to an increase in raw material costs or due to some other factors, Cost of Sales rise as much as 89% of the sales, the NPV becomes negative and the decision has to be reversed. This is shown in Figure 3.2. Thirdly, the increase in rent can have an impact on net cash flows especially in wake of continuously rising real estate prices. If the rent increases to  £1427 per sq. m.,

Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Procurement - Essay Example Nike, Inc. is an American company which is engaged in development, manufacturing, design and worldwide marketing of apparel, accessories, footwear, equipment and services. The company has its headquartered in Oregon, United States. It was founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports. It is a major manufacturer of sports equipment which has achieved revenue of $ 24 billion in 2012. Nike also operates retail stores under the name Nike town. It has left mark in athletic shoe. Nike which views itself as a sporting wear has now expanded into fashion apparel business which produces high-priced casual clothing for young adults and teenagers. Nike as a brand has many distinct brands into their portfolio. Nike Brand which develops designs and sells athletic gear and sports casual products. Converse is another brand which markets, designs and distributes luxury shoes, apparel and accessories. Cole Haan designs, distributes and markets the handbags, luxury shoes and outwear. Nike Golf also markets, de signs apparel, footwear, accessories. Famous director Nicolai Fuglsig has directed a campaign named New â€Å"Possibilities† campaign which is inspired by â€Å"Just Do It† campaign which was debuted 25 years ago. By the â€Å"Just Do It â€Å"motto, the company is aiming at inspiring people to challenge them to maximum potential. The campaign features actors like Serena Williams, Andre Berto, Gerad Pique, LeBron James and Chris Pine. The â€Å"Possibilities† campaign wants to inspire people to be their best with challenges like Nike Fuel and Nike + Running. The campaign begins with a line like if one can run a mile, then one should run a race, a marathon or even outrun a movie star. Thus different challenges and scenarios emerge and each time they need to push their limits. This campaign shows people a way of setting their goals so as to think about their athletic potential and help them in achieving their goals through services, products and inspiration. Even